N‐(be nzylidene)‐2‐((2‐hydroxynaphthalen‐1‐yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1‐2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) attenuate DMBA‐induced breast cancer via Nrf2/NF‐κB/apoptosis signaling

Estrogen receptor-positive (ER + ) breast cancer is the most common breast cancer subtype. Treatment of ER + breast cancer comprises interventions that suppress estrogen production and/or target the ER directly (overall labeled as endocrine therapy). While endocrine therapy has considerably reduced recurrence and mortality from breast cancer, de novo and acquired resistance to this treatment remains a major challenge. An increasing number of mechanisms of endocrine resistance have been reported, including somatic alterations, epigenetic changes, and changes in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we review recent advances in delineating mechanisms of resistance to endocrine therapies and potential strategies to overcome such resistance.

Ki67 immunohistochemistry (IHC), commonly used as a proliferation marker in breast cancer, has limited value for treatment decisions due to questionable analytical validity. The International Ki67 in Breast Cancer Working Group (IKWG) consensus meeting, held in October 2019, assessed the current evidence for Ki67 IHC analytical validity and clinical utility in breast cancer, including the series of scoring studies the IKWG conducted on centrally stained tissues. Consensus observations and recommendations are: 1) as for estrogen receptor and HER2 testing, preanalytical handling considerations are critical; 2) a standardized visual scoring method has been established and is recommended for adoption; 3) participation in and evaluation of quality assurance and quality control programs is recommended to maintain analytical validity; and 4) the IKWG accepted that Ki67 IHC as a prognostic marker in breast cancer has clinical validity but concluded that clinical utility is evident only for prognosis estimation in anatomically favorable estrogen receptor–positive and HER2-negative patients to identify those who do not need adjuvant chemotherapy. In this T1-2, N0-1 patient group, the IKWG consensus is that Ki67 5% or less, or 30% or more, can be used to estimate prognosis. In conclusion, analytical validity of Ki67 IHC can be reached with careful attention to preanalytical issues and calibrated standardized visual scoring. Currently, clinical utility of Ki67 IHC in breast cancer care remains limited to prognosis assessment in stage I or II breast cancer. Further development of automated scoring might help to overcome some current limitations.

Breast cancer is one of the well-known malignant tumors among women. In spite of attempts to classifying breast cancer according to its histological and molecular properties, it is almost considered as a dilemma in treatment. Nowadays, public and medical attentions have primary focused on foods with anti-cancer properties to alleviate the cancer problems. Flavonoid components such as Quercetin (Qu) as dietary substances with high attention of ordinary people might provide potential of alternative or complementary medicine in breast cancer. With regard to the wide range of health benefits of Qu, researchers have been generally convinced to bring Qu as natural compounds in cancer therapy. Moreover, the high cost of standard cancer treatments and the failure of most conventional treatments have led the medical community to pursue cost-effective prevention and treatment. As a result, a great deal of concentration is attracted to diet/cancer reciprocal action. Therefore, this review study has aimed to identify what has revealed the critical properties of Qu such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and even its effect on proliferation, angiogenesis, or apoptosis that are considered as anti-tumor property to enhance breast cancer treatment.