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      3D printing of novel osteochondral scaffolds with graded microstructure.

      1 , , ,
      Nanotechnology
      IOP Publishing

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          Abstract

          Osteochondral tissue has a complex graded structure where biological, physiological, and mechanical properties vary significantly over the full thickness spanning from the subchondral bone region beneath the joint surface to the hyaline cartilage region at the joint surface. This presents a significant challenge for tissue-engineered structures addressing osteochondral defects. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D bioprinters present a unique solution to this problem. The objective of this study is to use FDM-based 3D bioprinting and nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite for improved bone marrow human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) adhesion, growth, and osteochondral differentiation. FDM printing parameters can be tuned through computer aided design and computer numerical control software to manipulate scaffold geometries in ways that are beneficial to mechanical performance without hindering cellular behavior. Additionally, the ability to fine-tune 3D printed scaffolds increases further through our investment casting procedure which facilitates the inclusion of nanoparticles with biochemical factors to further elicit desired hMSC differentiation. For this study, FDM was used to print investment-casting molds innovatively designed with varied pore distribution over the full thickness of the scaffold. The mechanical and biological impacts of the varied pore distributions were compared and evaluated to determine the benefits of this physical manipulation. The results indicate that both mechanical properties and cell performance improve in the graded pore structures when compared to homogeneously distributed porous and non-porous structures. Differentiation results indicated successful osteogenic and chondrogenic manipulation in engineered scaffolds.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Nanotechnology
          Nanotechnology
          IOP Publishing
          1361-6528
          0957-4484
          Oct 14 2016
          : 27
          : 41
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
          Article
          10.1088/0957-4484/27/41/414001
          27606933
          f2627cc3-c350-4eed-bce7-7a525cdbda71
          History

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