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      Extraction yield of humic substances from organic materials Translated title: Rendimiento de extracción de sustancias a partir de materiales orgánicos

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          Abstract

          Abstract At present there is a great advance in the use of organic substances as fertilizers; humic substances are one of them with various forms of extraction. This article evaluates the extraction yield of humic substances (humic acid and fulvic acid) from three raw materials and different basic extractants and acids. In the basic extraction of humic substances, the type of raw material significantly influences, to a p value equal to 5 %. The maximum extraction volumes of humic substances are with garden waste. The fractionation stage of the humic and fulvic acids (acid extraction) depends on the type of basic extractant. The alternative Vermicompost - NaOH - HCl is the most economic and technically feasible, with 38.53 % of extraction yield value of humic acid and 64.90 $/h of gross profit.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen En la actualidad existe un gran avance en la utilización de sustancias orgánicas como fertilizantes; las sustancias húmicas son una de ellas con diversas formas de extracción. En este artículo se valora el rendimiento de extracción de sustancias húmicas a partir de tres materias primas y diferentes extractantes básicos y ácidos. En la etapa de extracción básica de las sustancias húmicas influye significativamente el tipo de materia prima, para un valor P igual 5 %. Los mayores volúmenes de extracción de sustancias húmicas son con el residuo de jardinería. El fraccionamiento de ácidos húmicos y fúlvicos depende del tipo de extractante básico. La alternativa Humus de lombriz - NaOH - HCl es la más factible desde el punto de vista técnico y económico, con un 38.53 % de rendimiento de extracción de ácido húmico y un beneficio bruto igual a 64.90 $/h.

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          Most cited references17

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          Humic acids: Structural properties and multiple functionalities for novel technological developments.

          Humic acids (HAs) are macromolecules that comprise humic substances (HS), which are organic matter distributed in terrestrial soil, natural water, and sediment. HAs differ from the other HS fractions (fulvic acid and humins) in that they are soluble in alkaline media, partially soluble in water, and insoluble in acidic media. Due to their amphiphilic character, HAs form micelle-like structures in neutral to acidic conditions, which are useful in agriculture, pollution remediation, medicine and pharmaceuticals. HAs have undefined compositions that vary according to the origin, process of obtainment, and functional groups present in their structures, such as quinones, phenols, and carboxylic acids. Quinones are responsible for the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HAs, which are useful for wound healing and have fungicidal/bactericidal properties. Phenols and carboxylic acids deprotonate in neutral and alkaline media and are responsible for various other functions, such as the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of HAs. In particular, the presence of phenolic groups in HAs provides antioxidant properties due to their free radical scavenging capacity. This paper describes the main multifunctionalities of HAs associated with their structures and properties, focusing on human health applications, and we note perspectives that may lead to novel technological developments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review to address this topic from this approach.
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            Investigating organic molecules responsible of auxin-like activity of humic acid fraction extracted from vermicompost.

            This work studied the auxin-like activity of humic acids (HA) obtained from vermicomposts produced using leather wastes plus cattle dung at different maturation stages (fresh, stable and mature). Bioassays were performed by testing HA concentrations in the range of 100-6000mgcarbonL(-1). (13)C CPMAS-NMR and GC-MS instrumental methods were used to assess the effect of biological processes and starting organic mixtures on HA composition. Not all HAs showed IAA-like activity and in general, IAA-like activity increased with the length of the vermicomposting process. The presence of leather wastes was not necessary to produce the auxin-like activity of HA, since HA extracted from a mix of cattle manure and sawdust, where no leather waste was added, showed IAA-like activity as well. CPMAS (13)CNMR revealed that HAs were similar independently of the mix used and that the humification process involved the increasing concentration of pre-existing alkali soluble fractions in the biomass. GC/MS allowed the identification of the molecules involved in IAA-like effects: carboxylic acids and amino acids. The concentration of active molecules, rather than their simple presence in HA, determined the bio-stimulating effect, and a good linear regression between auxin-like activity and active stimulating molecules concentration was found (R(2)=-0.85; p<0.01, n=6).
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              From Lab to Field: Role of Humic Substances Under Open-Field and Greenhouse Conditions as Biostimulant and Biocontrol Agent

              The demand for biostimulants has been growing at an annual rate of 10 and 12.4% in Europe and Northern America, respectively. The beneficial effects of humic substances (HS) as biostimulants of plant growth have been well-known since the 1980s, and they can be supportive to a circular economy if they are extracted from different renewable resources of organic matter including harvest residues, wastewater, sewage sludge, and manure. This paper presents an overview of the scientific outputs on application methods of HS in different conditions. Firstly, the functionality of HS in the primary and secondary metabolism under stressed and non-stressed cropping conditions is discussed along with crop protection against pathogens. Secondly, the advantages and limitations of five different types of HS application under open-fields and greenhouse conditions are described. Key factors, such as the chemical structure of HS, application method, optimal rate, and field circumstances, play a crucial role in enhancing plant growth by HS treatment as a biostimulant. If we can get a better grip on these factors, HS has the potential to become a part of circular agriculture.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                dyna
                DYNA
                Dyna rev.fac.nac.minas
                Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia )
                0012-7353
                2346-2183
                September 2022
                : 89
                : 223
                : 107-113
                Affiliations
                [2] Belgium orgnameUniversity of Leuven orgdiv1Department of Chemical Engineering carlo.vandecasteele@ 123456kuleuven.be
                [3] Belgium orgnameUniversity of Leuven orgdiv1Campus Group T jo.vancaneghem@ 123456kuleuven.be
                [1] Matanzas orgnameUniversidad de Matanzas Camilo Cienfuegos orgdiv1Faculty of Technical Sciences Cuba irina.pedroso@ 123456umcc.cu
                Article
                S0012-73532022000400107 S0012-7353(22)08922300107
                10.15446/dyna.v89n223.101666
                f2c79a97-2a52-48fd-83f4-b43681da4f6b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 July 2022
                : 16 March 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 18, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Articles

                yield extraction,organic solid waste,humic substances,rendimiento de extracción,residuos sólidos orgánicos,sustancias húmicas

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