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      Biosynthesis and Biological Activities of Newly Discovered Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids

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          Abstract

          Alkaloids are an important group of specialized nitrogen metabolites with a wide range of biochemical and pharmacological effects. Since the first publication on lycorine in 1877, more than 650 alkaloids have been extracted from Amaryllidaceae bulbous plants and clustered together as the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) family. AAs are specifically remarkable for their diverse pharmaceutical properties, as exemplified by the success of galantamine used to treat the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. This review addresses the isolation, biological, and structure activity of AAs discovered from January 2015 to August 2020, supporting their therapeutic interest.

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          Plant callus: mechanisms of induction and repression.

          Momoko Ikeuchi, Keiko Sugimoto, Akira Iwase (2013)
          Plants develop unorganized cell masses like callus and tumors in response to various biotic and abiotic stimuli. Since the historical discovery that the combination of two growth-promoting hormones, auxin and cytokinin, induces callus from plant explants in vitro, this experimental system has been used extensively in both basic research and horticultural applications. The molecular basis of callus formation has long been obscure, but we are finally beginning to understand how unscheduled cell proliferation is suppressed during normal plant development and how genetic and environmental cues override these repressions to induce callus formation. In this review, we will first provide a brief overview of callus development in nature and in vitro and then describe our current knowledge of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying callus formation.
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            Neurobiology of butyrylcholinesterase.

            Sultan Darvesh, Katrina D. Hopkins, Changiz Geula (2003)
            Article 0 comments Cited 155 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              A novel GSK-3beta inhibitor reduces Alzheimer's pathology and rescues neuronal loss in vivo.

              L Serenó, M Coma, M RODRIGUEZ … (2009)
              Amyloid deposits, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal cell death in selectively vulnerable brain regions are the chief hallmarks in Alzheimer's (AD) brains. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is one of the key kinases required for AD-type abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau, which is believed to be a critical event in neurofibrillary tangle formation. GSK-3 has also been recently implicated in amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing/Abeta production, apoptotic cell death, and learning and memory. Thus, GSK-3 inhibition represents a very attractive drug target in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders. To investigate whether GSK-3 inhibition can reduce amyloid and tau pathologies, neuronal cell death and memory deficits in vivo, double transgenic mice coexpressing human mutant APP and tau were treated with a novel non-ATP competitive GSK-3beta inhibitor, NP12. Treatment with this thiadiazolidinone compound resulted in lower levels of tau phosphorylation, decreased amyloid deposition and plaque-associated astrocytic proliferation, protection of neurons in the entorhinal cortex and CA1 hippocampal subfield against cell death, and prevention of memory deficits in this transgenic mouse model. These results show that this novel GSK-3 inhibitor has a dual impact on amyloid and tau alterations and, perhaps even more important, on neuronal survival in vivo further suggesting that GSK-3 is a relevant therapeutic target in AD.
              Article 0 comments Cited 116 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 October 2020
                Publication date Collection: November 2020
                Volume: 25
                Issue: 21
                Electronic Location Identifier: 4901
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; Seydou.Ka@ 123456uqtr.ca (S.K.); Manoj.Koirala@ 123456uqtr.ca (M.K.); Natacha.Merindol@ 123456uqtr.ca (N.M.)
                [2 ]Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7697-4088
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6235-6465
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4355-5503
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-25-04901
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214901
                PMC ID: 7660210
                PubMed ID: 33113950
                SO-VID: f300423d-d895-400b-b607-9e883a9dda08
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 04 August 2020
                Date accepted : 21 October 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: amaryllidaceae alkaloids,specialized metabolism,biosynthesis,antitumor,anti-cholinesterase,antiviral,antiparasitic
                Data availability:
                Keywords: amaryllidaceae alkaloids, specialized metabolism, biosynthesis, antitumor, anti-cholinesterase, antiviral, antiparasitic

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