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      A Prevalence Study of Hearing Loss among Primary School Children in the South East of Iran

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          Abstract

          Hearing impairment substantially affects child's ability to normally acquire the spoken language. Such negative effects create problems for the child not only in terms of communication but also in terms of achievement in school as well as social and emotional growth. The aim of this research is to study the prevalence of hearing disorders and its relationship to age and gender among primary school students of Zahedan, Iran. In this cross-sectional and descriptive analytical study, 1500 students from elementary schools were screened for hearing loss. The selection of samples was performed using multistage sampling method. Primary information was obtained through direct observation, otoscopy, and audiometric and tympanometric screenings. Data was obtained and analyzed via ANOVA test. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between the age and the prevalence of middle ear abnormal function. Conductive hearing loss in males and females was 8.8% and 7.1%, respectively. In addition, 1% and 0.7% of male and female students, respectively, suffered from sensorineural hearing loss. Results indicated that 20.2% of students of elementary schools in Zahedan needed medical treatment for their problems. Therefore, it is recommended that the hearing screening of school-age children should be included in annual school health programs in this region.

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          A review of the burden of disease due to otitis media in the Asia-Pacific.

          M. MAHADEVAN, G. Navarro-Locsin, H.K.K. Tan … (2012)
          The burden of disease due to otitis media (OM) in Asia Pacific countries was reviewed to increase awareness and raise understanding within the region. Published literature and unpublished studies were reviewed. In school-age children, OM prevalence varied between 3.25% (Thailand) and 12.23% (Philippines) being highest (42%) in Aboriginal Australian children. OME prevalence at school age varied between 1.14% (Thailand) and 13.8% (Malaysia). Higher prevalence was reported in children with hearing impairment, HIV, pneumonia and rhinitis. CSOM prevalence was 5.4% in Indonesia (all ages), 15% in Aboriginal Australian children and 2-4% in Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam (WHO estimate). OM prevalence/incidence and service utilisation were highest in children 2-5 years of age. The disease burden was substantially higher in Pacific Island children living in New Zealand (25.4% with OME), and was highest in indigenous Australians (>90% with any OM). Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae dominated as primary causes of AOM in all studies. Few studies examined pneumococcal serotype distribution. Health-related cost estimates for OM, when available, were substantial. In developing countries, significant investment is needed to provide facilities for detection and treatment of ear disease in children, if long term hearing deficits and other sequelae are to be prevented. The available evidence suggests an important burden of disease and economic cost associated with OM in most Asia Pacific countries and a potential benefit of prevention through vaccination. Large, prospective community-based studies are needed to better define the prevalence of ear disease in children, and to predict and track pneumococcal conjugate vaccine impacts. AOM prevention through vaccination may also provide a means of reducing antibiotic use and controlling antibiotic-resistant disease in children. This review highlights the need for additional research, and provides a basis on which to build and develop regional guidelines for OM management. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Prevalence and risk factors of otitis media with effusion in school children in Eastern Anatolia.

            Muzaffer Kırıs, Togay Muderris, Tolga Kara … (2012)
            To investigate the prevalence and demographic, environmental and child associated risk factors of OME in schoolchildren in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey, and analyze the results with reference to the review of the literature. A total of 2355 children who were attending two different primary schools, one located in low, and the other located in a high socioeconomic district of city of Van were screened and 2320 children who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled to study. Standardized questionnaires that include nine questions for determination of risk factors were delivered to the parents to be filled before examination of each child. All of the children underwent both otoscopic examination and tympanometric evaluation to provide high accuracy on the diagnosis of OME. The association between children diagnosed as OME and the answers to the questionnaires were evaluated. Also, teachers of the children were asked to complete a questionnaire evaluating child's level of school success, and the success levels of children with or without OME were compared. The prevalence of OME was found to be 10.43%. Second-hand smoking (p<0.0001), low socioeconomic status (p<0.001), living in a crowded house (p<0.001), presence of atopy (p<0.01), lack of breast-feeding (p<0.05), presence of URTI (p<0.0001), young age (p<0.001) and snoring (p<0.0001) were found to be associated with prevalence of OME. No significance was found for duration of breast-feeding, gender, birth history and previous otolaryngological operations. Also, children with OME were tended to be less successful in terms of school success. The potential of OME to cause serious sequelae and complications that may affect children's life long-term, makes the disease an important health problem. Environmental, epidemiologic and familial factors play an important role in pathogenesis of OME. Caretakers must be informed about these highly modifiable risk factors, by this way the development or delayed diagnosis of the disease that may cause serious consequences can be prevented. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              A comparison of audiometric and objective methods in hearing screening of school children. A preliminary study.

              L Sliwa, S. HATZOPOULOS, K. KOCHANEK … (2011)
              In newborn hearing screening, one exclusively applies objective hearing testing methods--based on evoked potentials and/or on otoacoustic emissions. However, when testing school children, one can consider both audiometric and electrophysiological methods. The choice of methods is determined by the aims of the program. If one wants to detect conductive hearing losses, impedance audiometry seems to be the method of choice. The aim of this study was to compare test performance measures from audiometric and objective methods (OAEs and impedance audiometry), in the hearing screening of school children. Screening protocols were applied on a group of 190 children of about 12 years of age (6th grade of primary school). For a single application of a screening procedure, the best performance was observed in the automated four-tone audiometry, followed by the tympanometry and the TEOAE-based procedures. Screening performance was enhanced using a combination of automated and impedance audiometry. A four-tone audiometry test combined with tympanometry gives a sensitivity of 65%, and the PPV of 46%, which are reasonable values, acceptable for practical use. The use of a TEOAE protocol degrades the overall performance of screening. Screening of school children is feasible with a combination of automated audiometry and tympanometry with time requirements equal to 3 min per subject. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Otolaryngol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Otolaryngol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJOL
                Title: International Journal of Otolaryngology
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 1687-9201
                ISSN (Electronic): 1687-921X
                Publication date (Print): 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 July 2013
                Volume: 2013
                Electronic Location Identifier: 138935
                Affiliations
                1Audiology Department, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences & Health Services, Zahedan, Iran
                2Otolaryngology (ENT) Department, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences & Health Services, Zahedan, Iran
                3Department of Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                4Audiology Department, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences & Health Services, Tehran, Iran
                5Audiology Department, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
                Author notes
                *Mohammad Hussein Nilforoush: mhnilforoush@ 123456rehab.mui.ac.ir

                Academic Editor: Bill Yates

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2013/138935
                PMC ID: 3712238
                PubMed ID: 23935628
                SO-VID: f33e81bd-de5c-46b1-854b-821298c3445b
                Copyright © Copyright © 2013 Aqeel Absalan et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 3 March 2013
                Date revision received : 17 June 2013
                Date accepted : 17 June 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Clinical Study

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Otolaryngology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Otolaryngology

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