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      Presenteeism: A Public Health Hazard

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          Abstract

          "Presenteeism" occurs when an employee goes to work despite a medical illness that will prevent him or her from fully functioning at work. This problem has been well studied in the business and social science literature, and carries increased importance in the health care setting due to the risk of infectious disease transmission in vulnerable patient populations. In this manuscript, we discuss an outbreak of viral gastroenteritis in a long-term care facility and the role presenteeism played in disease transmission and extension of the outbreak. We use existing literature to point out the hazards of presenteeism in the health care sector. We will also discuss factors that may be involved in the decision to work while ill and propose policy changes that may reduce the incidence of presenteeism in health care organizations.

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          Lost productive time and cost due to common pain conditions in the US workforce.

          Walter Stewart, Judith Ricci, Elsbeth Chee … (2003)
          Common pain conditions appear to have an adverse effect on work, but no comprehensive estimates exist on the amount of productive time lost in the US workforce due to pain. To measure lost productive time (absence and reduced performance due to common pain conditions) during a 2-week period. Cross-sectional study using survey data from the American Productivity Audit (a telephone survey that uses the Work and Health Interview) of working adults between August 1, 2001, and July 30, 2002. Random sample of 28 902 working adults in the United States. Lost productive time due to common pain conditions (arthritis, back, headache, and other musculoskeletal) expressed in hours per worker per week and calculated in US dollars. Thirteen percent of the total workforce experienced a loss in productive time during a 2-week period due to a common pain condition. Headache was the most common (5.4%) pain condition resulting in lost productive time. It was followed by back pain (3.2%), arthritis pain (2.0%), and other musculoskeletal pain (2.0%). Workers who experienced lost productive time from a pain condition lost a mean (SE) of 4.6 (0.09) h/wk. Workers who had a headache had a mean (SE) loss in productive time of 3.5 (0.1) h/wk. Workers who reported arthritis or back pain had mean (SE) lost productive times of 5.2 (0.25) h/wk. Other common pain conditions resulted in a mean (SE) loss in productive time of 5.5 (0.22) h/wk. Lost productive time from common pain conditions among active workers costs an estimated 61.2 billion dollars per year. The majority (76.6%) of the lost productive time was explained by reduced performance while at work and not work absence. Pain is an inordinately common and disabling condition in the US workforce. Most of the pain-related lost productive time occurs while employees are at work and is in the form of reduced performance.
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            Health-care workers: source, vector, or victim of MRSA?

            Werner Albrich, Stephan Harbarth (2008)
            There is ongoing controversy about the role of health-care workers in transmission of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We did a search of the literature from January, 1980, to March, 2006, to determine the likelihood of MRSA colonisation and infection in health-care workers and to assess their role in MRSA transmission. In 127 investigations, the average MRSA carriage rate among 33 318 screened health-care workers was 4.6%; 5.1% had clinical infections. Risk factors included chronic skin diseases, poor hygiene practices, and having worked in countries with endemic MRSA. Both transiently and persistently colonised health-care workers were responsible for several MRSA clusters. Transmission from personnel to patients was likely in 63 (93%) of 68 studies that undertook genotyping. MRSA eradication was achieved in 449 (88%) of 510 health-care workers. Subclinical infections and colonisation of extranasal sites were associated with persistent carriage. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of screening and eradication policies for MRSA control and give recommendations for the management of colonised health-care workers in different settings.
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              Productivity losses related to the common cold.

              Thomas Bramley, Debra Lerner, Matthew Sarnes (2002)
              Health-related productivity assessments typically focus on chronic conditions; however, acute conditions, particularly colds, have the potential to cause substantial health-related productivity losses because of their high prevalence in working-age groups. This article presents the findings of a study conducted to estimate productivity loss due to cold by using a telephone-administered survey that measured three sources of loss: absenteeism, on-the-job productivity, and caregiver absenteeism. Each cold experienced by a working adult caused an average of 8.7 lost work hours (2.8 absenteeism hours; 5.9 hours of on-the-job loss), and 1.2 work hours were lost because of attending to children under the age of 13 who were suffering from colds. We conclude that the economic cost of lost productivity due to the common cold approaches $25 billion, of which $16.6 billion is attributed to on-the-job productivity loss, $8 billion is attributed to absenteeism, and $230 million is attributed to caregiver absenteeism.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : +1-415-2214810 , +1-415-7506641 , Eric.Widera@ucsf.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Gen Intern Med
                Title: Journal of General Internal Medicine
                Publisher: Springer-Verlag (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 0884-8734
                ISSN (Electronic): 1525-1497
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 June 2010
                Publication date PMC-release: 12 June 2010
                Publication date (Print): November 2010
                Volume: 25
                Issue: 11
                Pages: 1244-1247
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Geriatrics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
                [2 ]San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA USA
                [3 ]Center for Elders Independence, Oakland, CA USA
                [4 ]VA Medical Center 181G, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121 USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1422
                DOI: 10.1007/s11606-010-1422-x
                PMC ID: 2947637
                PubMed ID: 20549378
                SO-VID: f414037d-0d91-4ad8-9ee8-4621af57ff50
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2010
                History
                Date received : 17 June 2009
                Date revision received : 18 March 2010
                Date accepted : 17 May 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Clinical Practice: Clinical Images
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Society of General Internal Medicine 2010

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Internal medicine
                Keywords: infection control,outbreak,presenteeism,long-term care,norovirus
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Internal medicine
                Keywords: infection control, outbreak, presenteeism, long-term care, norovirus

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