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      Historical Overview of the Effect of β-Adrenergic Agonists on Beef Cattle Production

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          Abstract

          Postnatal muscle hypertrophy of beef cattle is the result of enhanced myofibrillar protein synthesis and reduced protein turnover. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy has been studied in cattle fed β-adrenergic agonists ( β-AA), which are receptor-mediated enhancers of protein synthesis and inhibitors of protein degradation. Feeding β-AA to beef cattle increases longissimus muscle cross-sectional area 6% to 40% compared to non-treated cattle. The β-AA have been reported to improve live animal performance, including average daily gain, feed efficiency, hot carcass weight, and dressing percentage. Treatment with β-AA increased mRNA concentration of the β 2 or β 1-adrenergic receptor and myosin heavy chain IIX in bovine skeletal muscle tissue. This review will examine the effects of skeletal muscle and adipose development with β-AA, and will interpret how the use of β-AA affects performance, body composition, and growth in beef cattle.

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          A satellite cell mitogen from crushed adult muscle.

          James Bischoff (1986)
          Single fiber-satellite cell units from skeletal muscle of adult rats were used to study the regulation of satellite cell proliferation. The satellite cells remained quiescent during culture in serum-containing medium but could be induced to enter the cell cycle by exposure to a saline extract of crushed adult muscle. The activity in the extract has a molecular weight greater than 30K and is heat and trypsin sensitive. The mitogenic activity does not result from transferrin. Little or no activity was obtained from crushed extracts of heterologous tissues. Proliferation of myogenic cells from rat embryos was also stimulated by the muscle mitogen but growth of muscle fibroblasts was not enhanced. The time response of satellite cell proliferation after exposure to the muscle mitogen showed that the cells enter DNA synthesis after a lag period of 18 hr and proliferate with a generation time of 12 hr. This confirms that satellite cells in adult muscle are in G0, or an extended G1. The mitogen is also effective in stimulating muscle growth and myoblast fusion in vivo when injected into 1-week-old rat pups. These experiments suggest that muscle regeneration is initiated by the release of an endogenous mitogen from traumatized muscle.
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            Overview of the effects of beta-adrenergic receptor agonists on animal growth including mechanisms of action.

            Harry J. Mersmann (1997)
            The beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-AR) are present on the surface of almost every type of mammalian cell. These receptors are stimulated physiologically by the neurotransmitter, norepinephrine and the adrenal medullary hormone, epinephrine. There are three subtypes of beta-AR, namely, beta1-AR, beta2-AR, and beta3-AR; the pharmacological and physiological responses of an individual cell result from the particular mixture of the three beta-AR subtypes present on that cell. Species-specific structure (amino acid sequence) also causes modification of the function of a given beta-AR subtype. Knowledge of the beta-AR subtypes present in various cell types, coupled with knowledge of receptor structure (sequence), will allow an understanding of the complexity of physiological function regulated by beta-AR. Oral administration of some beta-AR agonists increases muscle and decreases fat accretion in cattle, pigs, poultry, and sheep. The large number of physiological functions controlled by beta-AR suggests that the mechanism(s) for the observed changes in carcass composition may be extremely complex. Any proposed mechanism must begin with the possibility of direct effects of the agonist on skeletal muscle and adipocyte beta-AR. However, many other mechanisms, such as modification of blood flow, release of hormones, or central nervous system control of feed intake may contribute to the overall effects observed with a given beta-AR agonist in a given species. Furthermore, the pharmacodynamic properties of a particular agonist are complex and expected to vary among species as well as within the same species at different ages or when fed different diets.
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              Effects of two beta-adrenergic agonists on finishing performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of feedlot steers.

              L Avendaño-Reyes, V Torres-Rodríguez, F J Meraz-Murillo … (2006)
              The impact of using 2 beta-adrenergic agonists in feedlot cattle fed finishing diets was evaluated using 54 steers (45 crossbred Charolais and 9 Brangus) initially weighing 424 +/- 26.6 kg in a randomized complete block design with 3 treatments and 6 blocks (i.e., 18 pens with 3 steers per pen). Response variables were feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. Treatments were 1) control (no supplement added); 2) zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH; 60 mg.steer(-1).d(-1)); and 3) ractopamine hydrochloride (RH; 300 mg.steer(-1).d(-1)). The beta-agonists were added to the diets during the final 33 d of the experiment. The groups of steers fed ZH or RH improved (P < 0.01) ADG by 26 or 24%, respectively, compared with control steers. Steers supplemented with RH consumed less (P = 0.03) DM (8.37 kg) than control steers (8.51 kg), whereas intake was similar (P = 0.37) for ZH and control steers. Addition of either beta-agonist to the diet considerably improved (P < 0.01) the G:F (ZH, 0.253 and RH, 0.248 vs. control, 0.185). Hot carcass weight and carcass yield were enhanced (P < 0.05) with both beta-agonists. The LM area was increased (P = 0.026) by ZH (75.2 cm(2)), but that of RH (72.2 cm(2)) was similar (P = 0.132) to the control steers (66.8 cm(2)). Meat from the ZH- (P = 0.0007) and RH- (P = 0.0267) supplemented steers had greater shear force values than control steers (ZH = 5.11; RH = 4.83; control = 4.39 kg/cm(2)). Variables related to meat color indicated that both beta-agonists led to a similar redness of the LM area related to the control group. In general, feedlot performance was greatly enhanced by beta-adrenergic agonists, and meat tenderness from treated animals was classified as intermediate. Furthermore, meat color was not altered by beta-agonist supplementation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Asian-Australas J Anim Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Asian-australas. J. Anim. Sci
                Title: Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
                Publisher: Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (AAAP) and Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology (KSAST)
                ISSN (Print): 1011-2367
                ISSN (Electronic): 1976-5517
                Publication date (Print): May 2014
                Volume: 27
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 757-766
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA.
                [2 ]Hanwoo Experiment Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Pyeongchang 232-950, Korea.
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding Author: Ki Yong Chung. Tel: + 82-33-330-0613, Fax: +82-33-330-0660, E-mail: cky95@ 123456korea.kr

                Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409, USA

                Article
                Publisher ID: ajas-27-5-757-18
                DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12524
                PMC ID: 4093185
                SO-VID: f4e4373c-036b-4328-ade3-1bcc8793d5d1
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 by Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 20 September 2012
                Date revision received : 27 December 2012
                Date accepted : 12 March 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: β-adrenergic agonists,skeletal muscle,beef cattle
                Data availability:
                Keywords: β-adrenergic agonists, skeletal muscle, beef cattle

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