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      Maternal High Fat Diet Affects Offspring’s Vitamin K-Dependent Proteins Expression Levels

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      PLoS ONE
      Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Studies suggest bone growth & development and susceptibility to vascular disease in later life are influenced by maternal nutrition, during intrauterine and early postnatal life. There is evidence for a role of vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) including Osteocalcin, Matrix-gla protein, Periostin, and Gas6, in bone and vascular development. This study extends the analysis of VKDPs previously conducted in 6 week old offspring, into offspring of 30 weeks of age, to assess the longer term effects of a maternal and postnatal high fat (HF) diet on VKDP expression. Overall a HF maternal diet and offspring diet exacerbated the bone changes observed. Sex specific and tissue specific differences were observed in VKDP expression for both aorta and femoral tissues. In addition, significant correlations were observed between femoral OCN, Periostin Gas6, and Vkor expression levels and measures of femoral bone structure. Furthermore, MGP, OCN, Ggcx and Vkor expression levels correlated to mass and fat volume, in both sexes. In summary the current study has highlighted the importance of the long-term effects of maternal nutrition on offspring bone development and the correlation of VKDPs to bone structure.

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          Fetal programming and adult health.

          Low birthweight is now known to be associated with increased rates of coronary heart disease and the related disorders stroke, hypertension and non-insulin dependent diabetes. These associations have been extensively replicated in studies in different countries and are not the result of confounding variables. They extend across the normal range of birthweight and depend on lower birthweights in relation to the duration of gestation rather than the effects of premature birth. The associations are thought to be consequences of 'programming', whereby a stimulus or insult at a critical, sensitive period of early life has permanent effects on structure, physiology and metabolism. Programming of the fetus may result from adaptations invoked when the materno-placental nutrient supply fails to match the fetal nutrient demand. Although the influences that impair fetal development and programme adult cardiovascular disease remain to be defined, there are strong pointers to the importance of maternal body composition and dietary balance during pregnancy.
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            The contribution of bone to whole-organism physiology.

            The mouse genetic revolution has shown repeatedly that most organs have more functions than expected. This has led to the realization that, in addition to a molecular and cellular approach, there is a need for a whole-organism study of physiology. The skeleton is an example of how a whole-organism approach to physiology can broaden the functions of a given organ, reveal connections of this organ with others such as the brain, pancreas and gut, and shed new light on the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases affecting multiple organs.
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              Intrauterine programming of adult disease.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                18 September 2015
                2015
                : 10
                : 9
                : e0138730
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
                [2 ]Maternal, Pregnancy, and Child Research Group, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
                Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: SL RO. Performed the experiments: SL FC. Analyzed the data: SL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SL FC. Wrote the paper: SL FC RO.

                Article
                PONE-D-15-29247
                10.1371/journal.pone.0138730
                4575216
                26381752
                f555ae99-4b84-4f61-a74d-62d9f61b5c06
                Copyright @ 2015

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

                History
                : 3 July 2015
                : 2 September 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 3, Pages: 19
                Funding
                Rosetrees Trust, grant number M425 ( http://www.rosetreestrust.co.uk) funded SL. Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, grant number BB/G01812X/1 ( http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk) funded FC. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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