Método OCRA en diferentes sectores productivos. Una revisión de la literatura, 2007-2018

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Abstract

Resumen Los desórdenes musculo esqueléticos (DME) son la nueva epidemia de enfermedades crónicas, son multifactoriales y afectan los diferentes sectores productivos. Aunque se encuentran múltiples instrumentos para la evaluación de la carga estática y dinámica, el OCRA (Occupational Repetitive Action) parece ser una opción atractiva. Objetivo. Realizar una búsqueda de literatura sobre el uso del método OCRA y DME en trabajadores de diversos sectores productivos (20072018). Materiales y métodos. Una revisión de literatura (siguiendo la declaración PRISMA) de estudios que evaluaran el nivel de riesgo biomecánico (OCRA) y DME en las bases de datos Scielo, Science Direct, Scopus, ProQuest, Gale, PubMed, Lilacs y Ebsco fue realizada, 7 estudios cumplieron con los criterios de selección; la mayoría son cuantitativos (corte transversal). Resultados. El 79% de las condiciones relacionadas con la tarea requieren exigencia física e implican movimientos repetitivos (jardinería y floricultores); la aparición de DME en espalda alta-baja, extremidades superiores e inferiores, los cuales se generan por la frecuencia de las actividades realizadas (producción de calzado); además, "riesgos muy alto" de desarrollar DME (industria del salmón) y un índice medio (OCRA) por movimientos repetitivos que requiere cuidado especial (línea de Ensamblaje en U) fueron encontrados. Conclusiones. La revisión arrojo el uso limitado del método OCRA para la detección de DME en trabajadores de diferentes sectores; y este método puede ser usado para la detección del riesgo biomecánico.

Translated abstract

Abstract Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are the new epidemic of chronic diseases, are multifactorial and affect to different productive sectors. Although there are multiple tools for the evaluation of static and dynamic load, OCRA (Occupational Repetitive Action) seems to be an attractive option. Objective. To conduct a literature search on the use of the OCRA and DME method in workers of various productive sectors (2007-2018). Materials and methods. A literature review (following the PRISMA statement) of studies assessing the level of biomechanical risk (OCRA) and the prevalence of DME in the Scielo, Science Direct, Scopus, ProQuest, Gale, PubMed, Lilacs and Ebsco databases was performed, 7 studies met the selection criteria; Most are quantitative. Results. 79% of the conditions related to the task require physical demands and involve repetitive movements (gardening and flower growers); the production of DME in upper-lower back, upper and lower extremities, wich are generated by the frequency of the activities in the footwear production; In addition, "very high risks" of developing DME (salmon industry) and a medium index (OCRA) for repetitive movements that require special care (U-Assembly line) were found. Conclusions. The review showed the limited use of the OCRA method for the detection of SMD in workers from different sectors; and this method can be used for the detection of biomechanical risk.

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Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: the epidemiologic evidence and the debate.

Laura Punnett, David Wegman (2004)

The debate about work-relatedness of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) reflects both confusion about epidemiologic principles and gaps in the scientific literature. The physical ergonomic features of work frequently cited as risk factors for MSDs include rapid work pace and repetitive motion, forceful exertions, non-neutral body postures, and vibration. However, some still dispute the importance of these factors, especially relative to non-occupational causes. This paper addresses the controversy with reference to a major report recently commissioned by the US Congress from the National Research Council (NRC) and Institute of Medicine (IOM) (2001). The available epidemiologic evidence is substantial, but will benefit from more longitudinal data to better evaluate gaps in knowledge concerning latency of effect, natural history, prognosis, and potential for selection bias in the form of the healthy worker effect. While objective measures may be especially useful in establishing a more secure diagnosis, subjective measures better capture patient impact. Examination techniques still do not exist that can serve as a "gold standard" for many of the symptoms that are commonly reported in workplace studies. Finally, exposure assessment has too often been limited to crude indicators, such as job title. Worker self-report, investigator observation, and direct measurement each add to understanding but the lack of standardized exposure metrics limits ability to compare findings among studies. Despite these challenges, the epidemiologic literature on work-related MSDs-in combination with extensive laboratory evidence of pathomechanisms related to work stressors-is convincing to most. The NRC/IOM report concluded, and other reviewers internationally have concurred, that the etiologic importance of occupational ergonomic stressors for the occurrence of MSDs of the low back and upper extremities has been demonstrated.

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Preventing upper limb work-related musculoskeletal disorders (UL-WMSDS): new approaches in job (re)design and current trends in standardization.

Daniela Colombini, Enrico Occhipinti (2006)

In industrialized countries, upper limb work-related musculoskeletal disorders (UL-WMSDs) are the most common form of occupational diseases. They are generating a growing population of workers with reduced working capacity. The link between these pathologies and different aspects of work organization has been convincingly proven. Recent experiences in Europe supporting the combination of traditional work design methods used in manufacturing companies with ergonomics methods are reported briefly, with special focus on the use of the occupational repetitive action (OCRA) method for risk assessment and management of manual repetitive tasks. The combined approach strives to achieve the goal of maintaining a satisfactory level of productivity while respecting ergonomics criteria and, definitely, workers' health. New ergonomics standards provide for interaction between job and machinery designers and ergonomists in the design of work processes and workplaces. These standards generally refer only to the healthy adult working population and do not always provide criteria for protecting particular working populations, such as that represented by workers affected by UL-WMSDs. The results of preliminary studies concerning productive re-employment of workers with UL-WMSDs allow the introduction of some criteria for implementing current ergonomics standards in this connection. One aim of this paper is to summarize experiences of close cooperation between ergonomists, machinery designers and job designers to guarantee productivity and the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders. A second aim is to examine current ergonomics standards in the field of manual physical work (designed for healthy workers) and to suggest preliminary criteria for their implementation taking into account the capabilities and needs of specific sub-groups of the working population.