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      Kynurenine, by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor, decreases erythropoietin and increases hepcidin production in HepG2 cells: A new mechanism for anemia of inflammation.

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          Abstract

          It is known that inadequate erythropoietin (EPO) production contributes to the pathogenesis of anemia of inflammation, although the exact molecular mechanism is unknown. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) may compete with hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α), the master regulator of EPO production, for binding with HIF-1β. The effect of kynurenine, an endogenous AhR activator that increases in inflammation, on EPO and hepcidin production was evaluated. HepG2 cells were treated with the hypoxia mimetic CoCl2, kynurenine, the AhR inhibitor CH223191, and combinations of these. EPO and hepcidin production was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HIF-2α and CYP1A1 levels, a transcriptional target of AhR, were assessed by Western blotting. CoCl2 increased EPO production and decreased hepcidin and CYP1A1. Kynurenine exerted the opposite effects. Wherever CH223191 was added, the inhibitor overcorrected kynurenine-induced alterations in both the presence and the absence of CoCl2. Also, treatment with CH223191 alone increased EPO and decreased hepcidin, indicating that there is a degree of constitutive AhR activation, possibly by other endogenous AhR activators. In conclusion, kynurenine, by competing with HIF-2α, may contribute to anemia of inflammation by decreasing EPO and increasing hepcidin production. The fact that inactivation of AhR alone induces EPO makes this transcription factor a potential therapeutic target in situations that require increased EPO.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Exp. Hematol.
          Experimental hematology
          Elsevier BV
          1873-2399
          0301-472X
          Jan 2016
          : 44
          : 1
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece. Electronic address: teleftheriadis@yahoo.com.
          [2 ] Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
          Article
          S0301-472X(15)00631-1
          10.1016/j.exphem.2015.08.010
          26325330
          f5c9bb75-5956-401f-9ca1-a0c01cf92749
          History

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