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      Von willebrand factor cleaving protease activity in the physiopathology of microangiopathic disorders Translated title: Detección de la actividad de la proteasa que cliva al factor von Willebrand en la patofisiología de las microangiopatías

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          Abstract

          The von Willebrand factor cleaving protease (VWFCP) modulates the von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimeric size in normal plasma. VWFCP activity levels are decreased in different physiological and pathologic situations. Different techniques have been developed to unfold the purified VWF (perfusion at high shear rate, dialysis against urea in nitrocellulose filters), to detect the VWFCP activity on it (multimeric analysis of VWF, collagen binding to VWF assay) and to use the patient plasma both as the source of the enzyme and substrate. In this paper we compared the above mentioned methods with new ones: normal plasma dialyzed on membranes instead of purified VWF, dialysis of the samples against urea in tubing instead of nitrocellulose filters, and sonicated plasma to remove the endogenous VWF. The perfusion assay and detection by multimeric analysis showed a limit of detection (25%) of VWFCP activity. Dialysis against urea in both supports and detection by multimeric analysis, showed a better limit of detection (3%), but the recovery of the samples was not as efficient in nitrocellulose filters as it was in tubing. The detection by collagen binding to VWF has more advantages because it allows to analyze more samples than the multimeric analysis does in the same assay. The dialysis of plasma by membranes to obtain the source of exogenous VWF requires no complex equipment. The method, which uses patient plasma as the source of the enzyme and substrate, was inapplicable in our experience because the values could not be interpolated in the reference curve.

          Translated abstract

          La proteasa que cliva al factor von Willebrand (VWFCP) controla el tamaño multimérico del factor von Willebrand (VWF) en plasma normal. Sus niveles se encuentran disminuidos en diferentes situaciones fisiológicas y patológicas. Diferentes técnicas se desarrollaron para desplegar al VWF purificado (perfusión a alta fuerza de cizallamiento, diálisis contra urea en filtros de nitrocelulosa), para detectar la actividad de la VWFCP (análisis multimérico del VWF, enlace del VWF al colágeno) y para usar el plasma del paciente como fuente de enzima (VWFCP) y de sustrato (VWF). Este trabajo compara los métodos descritos con métodos nuevos: plasma dializado en membranas en lugar de VWF purificado, diálisis de la muestra contra urea en tubos, en lugar de filtros de nitrocelulosa y plasma sonicado para remover el VWF endógeno. El ensayo de perfusión y la detección por análisis mutimérico mostró un límite de detección de la actividad de la VWFCP del 25%. La diálisis contra urea en ambos soportes y la detección por análisis multimérico arrojó un límite mejor (3%), pero la recuperación de las muestras no fue tan eficiente en filtros de nitrocelulosa como en tubos. La detección por enlace del VWF al colágeno posee mayores ventajas al analizar más muestras en el mismo ensayo. La diálisis de plasma en membranas, para obtener VWF exógeno, no requiere equipos complejos. El método que usa el plasma del paciente como fuente de enzima y sustrato fue inaplicable en nuestras manos ya que los valores no pudieron ser interpolados en la curva de referencia.

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          Most cited references28

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          Physiologic cleavage of von Willebrand factor by a plasma protease is dependent on its conformation and requires calcium ion.

          von Willebrand factor (vWF) in the circulation is subjected to proteolysis. In a recent study, we reported that normal plasma contains a protease activity that cleaves vWF in a shear-dependent manner, causing a decrease in its multimer size while generating dimers of the 140-kD and the 176-kD fragments indistinguishable from those found in normal plasma. In this study, the plasma protease has been partially purified and characterized and the role of vWF conformation in its cleavage by the protease has been further investigated. Guanidine HCl caused unfolding of vWF in a concentration-dependent manner, resulting in a shift in its fluorescence emission maxima to longer wavelengths. A dramatic increase in its proteolytic susceptibility was seen at 1.1 to 1.2 mol/L guanidine HCl, a concentration causing only a 3- to 4-nm shift in vWF emission maxima. Although vWF molecules refolded as guanidine HCl was removed by dialysis, the refolding was accompanied only by a partial recovery of the proteolytic resistance. The plasma protease, partially purified by approximately 900 folds by Sephacryl S-300 HR gel filtration, Matrex gel orange A dye affinity chromatography, and Q Sepharose anion exchange, had a molecular mass of approximately 200 kD and was inhibited by EDTA, EGTA, or 1,10-phenanthroline. The inhibition by EGTA or EDTA could be reversed by Ca2+ but not by mg2+. It was not inhibited by a panel of synthetic and natural protease inhibitors or adsorbed by gelatin-agarose, and it was present in plasmas deficient in proteins involved in coagulation and anticoagulation. The vWF fragments generated by the protease, as mapped by peptide-specific antibodies VP-1 and LJ-7745, were in distinguishable from the natural fragments but distinct from those produced by plasmin. High molecular weight endothelial vWF, after exposure to guanidine HCLI or high shear stress, was cleaved by the protease to smaller forms. These results support the model that endothelial secreted vWF is converted to multimers by a novel plasma metalloproteinase. Although native vWF exists in a conformation relatively resistant to cleavage, an alteration in the conformation by shear stress can lead to enhanced proteolytic susceptibility. This model may explain the decrease in vWF multimer sizes in various clinical conditions.
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            Preferential binding of high molecular weight forms of von Willebrand factor to fibrillar collagen☆

            S Santoro (1983)
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              Binding of von Willebrand factor to collagen by flow cytometry.

              We developed a new method for the detection of large von Willebrand factor (vWf) multimers binding to collagen and for the determination of vWf antigen (vWf:Ag) using flow cytometry. Collagen is coated on to polystyrene beads, allowing detection of found large vWf multimers. In addition, rabbit antibody against vWf is coated on to the beads allowing detection of all vWf:Ag. In plasma samples from healthy persons and patients (with type 1, 2A, 2N, or severe von Willebrand disease or hemophilia), 4 different assays were performed: vWf:Ag by immunoelectrophoresis; vWf ristocetin cofactor (vWf:RCof); CBA; and vWf:Ag based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using polystyrene beads. We assayed the flow cytometric method using 2 bead sizes. The optimal bead size was 3.136 microns. The results of CBA and vWf:Ag closely correlated with those of vWf:RCof and vWf:Ag (immunoelectrophoresis), respectively, and showed a low limit of detection. Interassay variance of cytometric methods was lower than interassay variance of traditional assays. In addition, we used the new assays to monitor desmopressin therapy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                medba
                Medicina (Buenos Aires)
                Medicina (B. Aires)
                Fundación Revista Medicina (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires )
                1669-9106
                April 2003
                : 63
                : 2
                : 130-136
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Academia Nacional de Medicina Argentina
                Article
                S0025-76802003000200006
                f6eaf13a-8de4-4be7-a3aa-bcf1c7f17655

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Argentina

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0025-7680&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL

                Internal medicine
                Von Willebrand factor,Cleaving protease,Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura,Factor von Willebrand,Proteasa,Púrpura trombocitopénica trombótica

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