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      Underwater turning movement during foraging in Hydromedusa maximiliani (Testudines, Chelidae) from southeastern Brazil Translated title: Movimento de giro subaquático durante o forrageio em Hydromedusa maximiliani (Testudines, Chelidae) do Sudeste do Brasil

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          Abstract

          A type of locomotor behavior observed in animals with rigid bodies, that can be found in many animals with exoskeletons, shells, or other forms of body armor, to change direction, is the turning behavior. Aquatic floated-turning behavior among rigid bodies animals have been studied in whirligig beetles, boxfish, and more recently in freshwater turtle, Chrysemys picta. In the laboratory we observed a different kind of turning movement that consists in an underwater turning movement during foraging, wherein the animal pivoted its body, using one of the hindlimbs as the fixed-point support in the substratum. We describe, analyze and quantify this movement during foraging in Hydromedusa maximiliani, using observations made in the laboratory. We studied 3 adult specimens (2 males, 1 female) and 2 non-sexed juveniles of H. maximiliani. They were kept individually in an aquarium filled with water and small fish. They were filmed, in dorsal view, at 30 frames per second. Sequences were analyzed frame by frame and points were marked on limbs and shell to enable analysis of variation in limb flexion and extension, as well as rotation movements. While foraging, turtles frequently turned their bodies, using one hind leg as the pivot point. This underwater turning movement, in addition to slow movements with the neck stretched, or staying nearly immobile and scanning the surroundings with lateral movements of the neck (in arcs up to 180°), and fast attacks of neck, may increase prey capture rates.

          Translated abstract

          Um tipo de comportamento locomotor observado em animais com corpo rígido, que pode ser encontrado em muitos animais com exoesqueleto, conchas, ou outras formas de armaduras, para mudar de direção, é o girar o corpo num plano horizontal (Turning performance). O movimento de girar o corpo flutuando na água (Aquatic floated-turning performance) entre animais de corpo rígido tem sido estudado em besouros, peixe-caixa, e mais recente na tartaruga de água doce, Chrysemys picta. No laboratório nós observamos um tipo diferente de giro que consiste em um giro subaquático, não flutuando na água, durante o forrageio, onde o animal pivota seu corpo, usando uma das patas traseiras como um ponto fixo de suporte no substrato. Nós descrevemos, analisamos e quantificamos esse movimento durante o forrageio de Hydromedusa maximiliani, usando observações feitas em laboratório. Nós analisamos três adultos (2 machos, 1 fêmea) e dois juvenis não sexados. Eles foram mantidos individualmente em um aquário preenchido água e pequenos peixes. Eles foram filmados, em vista dorsal, a 30 imagens por segundo. As sequencias foram analisadas quadro a quadro, e pontos foram marcados nos membros e no casco para permitir analisar variações angulares durante a flexão e extensão, bem como movimentos de rotação. Os membros fizeram movimentos sequencias durante o movimento de giro, mantendo sempre um dos membros posteriores como ponto fixo. Esta estratégia de forrageio associada com movimentos lentos e pescoço esticado, ou permanecer praticamente imóveis apenas observando o ambiente através de movimentos laterais do pescoço, descrevendo trajetórias em um ângulo de 180°, e ataques rápidos com o pescoço, talvez aumente seu potencial na captura de presas.

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          Most cited references36

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          Optimal strategies for predator avoidance: the relative importance of speed and manoeuvrability.

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            The scaling of locomotor performance in predator-prey encounters: from fish to killer whales.

            P Domenici (2001)
            During predator-prey encounters, a high locomotor performance in unsteady manoeuvres (i.e. acceleration, turning) is desirable for both predators and prey. While speed increases with size in fish and other aquatic vertebrates in continuous swimming, the speed achieved within a given time, a relevant parameter in predator-prey encounters, is size independent. In addition, most parameters indicating high performance in unsteady swimming decrease with size. Both theoretical considerations and data on acceleration suggest a decrease with body size. Small turning radii and high turning rates are indices of maneuverability in space and in time, respectively. Maneuverability decreases with body length, as minimum turning radii and maximum turning rates increase and decrease with body length, respectively. In addition, the scaling of linear performance in fish locomotion may be modulated by turning behaviour, which is an essential component of the escape response. In angelfish, for example, the speed of large fish is inversely related to their turning angle, i.e. fish escaping at large turning angles show lower speed than fish escaping at small turning angles. The scaling of unsteady locomotor performance makes it difficult for large aquatic vertebrates to capture elusive prey by using whole-body attacks, since the overall maneuverability and acceleration of small prey is likely to be superior to that of large predators. Feeding strategies in vertebrate predators can be related to the predator-prey length ratios. At prey-predator ratios higher than approximately 10(-2), vertebrate predators are particulate feeders, while at smaller ratios, they tend to be filter feeders. At intermediate ratios, large aquatic predators may use a variety of feeding methods that aid, or do not involve, whole body attacks. Among these are bubble curtains used by humpback whales to trap fish schools, and tail-slapping of fish by delphinids. Tail slapping by killer whales is discussed as an example of these strategies. The speed and acceleration achieved by the flukes of killer whales during tail slaps are higher and comparable, respectively, to those that can be expected in their prey, making tail-slapping an effective predator behaviour.
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              The ecology of overwintering among turtles: where turtles overwinter and its consequences.

              G Ultsch (2006)
              Turtles are a small taxon that has nevertheless attracted much attention from biologists for centuries. However, a major portion of their life cycle has received relatively little attention until recently - namely what turtles are doing, and how they are doing it, during the winter. In the northern parts of their ranges in North America, turtles may spend more than half of their lives in an overwintering state. In this review, I emphasise the ecological aspects of overwintering among turtles, and consider how overwintering stresses affect the physiology, behaviour, distributions, and life histories of various species. Sea turtles are the only group of turtles that migrate extensively, and can therefore avoid northern winters. Nevertheless, each year a number of turtles, largely juveniles, are killed when trapped by cold fronts before they move to safer waters. Evidently this risk is an acceptable trade-off for the benefits to a population of inhabiting northern developmental habitats during the summer. Terrestrial turtles pass the winter underground, either in burrows that they excavate or that are preformed. These refugia must provide protection against desiccation and lethal freezing levels. Some burrows are extensive (tortoise genus Gopherus), while others are shallow, or the turtles may simply dig into the ground to a safe depth (turtle genus Terrapene). In the latter genus, freeze tolerance may play an adaptive role. Most non-marine aquatic turtles overwinter underwater, although Clemmys (Actinemys) marmorata routinely overwinters on land when it occurs in riverine habitats, Kinosternon subrubrum often overwinters on land, and several others may overwinter terrestrially on occasion, especially in more southern climates. For northern species that overwinter underwater, there are two physiological groupings, those that are anoxia-tolerant and those that are relatively anoxia-intolerant. All species fare well physiologically in water with a high partial pressure of oxygen (PO2). A lack of anoxia tolerance limits the types of habitats that a freshwater turtle may live in, since unlike sea turtles, they cannot travel long distances to hibernate. Hatchlings of some species of turtles spend their first winter in or below the nest cavity, while hatchlings of other species in the same area, including northern areas, emerge in the autumn and presumably hibernate underwater. All hatchlings are relatively anoxia-intolerant, and there are no studies to date of where hatchling turtles that do not overwinter in or below the nest cavity spend their first winter. Equally little is known of the ontogeny of anoxia tolerance, other than that adults of all species are more anoxia-tolerant than their hatchlings, probably because of their better ossified shells, which provide adults with more buffer reserves and a larger site in which to sequester lactate. The northern limits of turtles are most likely determined by reproductive limitations (time for egg-laying, incubation, and hatching) than by the rigors of hibernation. Mortality is typically lower in turtle populations during hibernation than it is during their active periods. However, episodic mortality events do occur during hibernation, due to freezing, prolonged anoxia, or predation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bjb
                Brazilian Journal of Biology
                Braz. J. Biol.
                Instituto Internacional de Ecologia (São Carlos )
                1678-4375
                November 2014
                : 74
                : 4
                : 977-982
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Brazil
                Article
                S1519-69842014000400977
                10.1590/1519-6984.06013
                f7c85a39-237d-4a0a-a219-a1425a60b6b1

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1519-6984&lng=en
                Categories
                BIOLOGY

                General life sciences
                underwater,turning,Hydromedusa maximiliani,fixed point,subaquático,giro,ponto fixo
                General life sciences
                underwater, turning, Hydromedusa maximiliani, fixed point, subaquático, giro, ponto fixo

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