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      Predictors and rates of PTSD, depression and anxiety in UK frontline health and social care workers during COVID-19 Translated title: Predictores y tasas de TEPT, depresión y ansiedad en la primera línea de trabajadores sociales y de la salud en Reino Unido durante COVID-19 Translated title: COVID-19期间英国一线卫生和社会护理工作者的PTSD, 抑郁和焦虑的预测因素和发生率

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: Studies have shown that working in frontline healthcare roles during epidemics and pandemics was associated with PTSD, depression, anxiety, and other mental health disorders.

          Objectives: The objectives of this study were to identify demographic, work-related and other predictors for clinically significant PTSD, depression, and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in UK frontline health and social care workers (HSCWs), and to compare rates of distress across different groups of HCSWs working in different roles and settings.

          Methods: A convenience sample ( n = 1194) of frontline UK HCSWs completed an online survey during the first wave of the pandemic (27 May – 23 July 2020). Participants worked in UK hospitals, nursing or care homes and other community settings. PTSD was assessed using the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ); Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9); Anxiety was assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7).

          Results: Nearly 58% of respondents met the threshold for a clinically significant disorder (PTSD = 22%; anxiety = 47%; depression = 47%), and symptom levels were high across occupational groups and settings. Logistic regression analyses found that participants who were concerned about infecting others, who could not talk with their managers if there were not coping, who reported feeling stigmatized and who had not had reliable access to personal protective equipment (PPE) were more likely to meet criteria for a clinically significant mental disorder. Being redeployed during the pandemic, and having had COVID were associated with higher odds for PTSD. Higher household income was associated with reduced odds for a mental disorder.

          Conclusions: This study identified predictors of clinically significant distress during COVID-19 and highlights the need for reliable access to PPE and further investigation of barriers to communication between managers and staff.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • During the first UK COVID-19 wave, 22% met criteria for PTSD, 47% met criteria for anxiety, and 47% met criteria for depression.

          • Being concerned about infecting others, not being able to tell managers about not coping, feeling stigmatized, and not having reliable access to personal protective equipment raised odds for distress.

          Antecedentes: Los estudios han mostrado que el trabajo en roles de primera línea de salud durante epidemias y pandemias se asoció a TEPT, depresión, ansiedad y otros trastornos de salud mental.

          Objetivos: Los objetivos de este estudio fueron identificar predictores demográficos, predictores relacionados al trabajo y otros, para TEPT, depresión y ansiedad clínicamente significativos durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en la primera línea de trabajadores sociales y de la salud (HSCWs), y comparar las tasas de afectación entre los diferentes grupos de HSCWs trabajando en diferentes roles y contextos.

          Métodos: Una muestra por conveniencia ( n=1194) de la primera línea de HSCWs en Reino Unido completó un cuestionario en línea durante la primera ola de la pandemia (27 de mayo – 23 de julio de 2020). Los participantes trabajaban en hospitales del Reino Unido, centros asistenciales u otros contextos clínicos comunitarios. Se evaluó TEPT usando el Cuestionario Internacional de Trauma (ITQ); la depresión fue evaluada usando el Cuestionario sobre la salud del paciente 9 (PHQ-9); la ansiedad fue evaluada usando la Escala sobre Trastorno Ansioso (GAD-7).

          Resultados: Cerca del 58% de los participantes cumplieron el umbral para algún trastorno clínicamente significativo (TEPT = 22%; ansiedad = 47%; depresión = 47%), y los niveles de síntomas fueron altos entre los grupos y contextos ocupacionales. Los análisis de regresión logística encontraron que los participantes que estaban preocupados respecto a contagiar a otros; quienes no pudieron hablar con sus administradores cuando no se estaban adaptando a la situación; quienes reportaron sentirse estigmatizados y quienes no tuvieron acceso a elementos de protección personal (EPP) confiables, tuvieron mayor probabilidad de cumplir los criterios para un trastorno mental clínicamente significativo. Ser redistribuido a otras funciones durante la pandemia, y haber tenido COVID se asociaron a mayores probabilidades de desarrollar TEPT. Un mayor ingreso familiar se asoció con menores probabilidades de desarrollar un trastorno mental.

          Conclusiones: Este estudio identificó predictores para afectación clínicamente significativa durante la pandemia por COVID-19 y resalta la necesidad de un acceso confiable a EPP y de mayor investigación sobre las barreras de comunicación entre los administradores y los equipos de trabajo.

          Translated abstract

          背景: 研究表明, 在流行病和疫情中在一线卫生护理工作与PTSD, 抑郁, 焦虑和其他精神疾病有关。

          目的: 本研究旨在确定英国一线卫生和社会护理工作者 (HSCW) 在COVID-19疫情期间临床上显著的PTSD, 抑郁和焦虑的人口统计学, 工作相关因素和其他预测因素, 并比较在不同角色和环境中工作的不同HCSW组之间的精神痛苦。

          方法: 在第一波疫情期间 (2020年5月27日至7月23日), 英国一线HCSW的方便样本 ( n = 1194) 完成了在线调查。参与者在英国的医院, 疗养院或其他社区环境中工作。使用了国际创伤问卷 (ITQ) 评估PTSD;使用患者健康问卷9 (PHQ-9) 评估抑郁; 使用广泛性焦虑量表 (GAD-7) 评估焦虑。

          结果: 将近58%的受访者达到了临床上显著疾病的阈值 (PTSD = 22%; 焦虑症= 47%; 抑郁症= 47%), 并且各职业组和环境的症状水平都很高。 Logistic回归分析发现, 担心感染他人者, 如果没有应对措施就无法与管理者交谈者, 报告被污名化者且无法个人防护设备 (PPE) 可靠来源者更可能符合具有临床意义的精神障碍标准。在疫情期间被调遣, 患过COVID与PTSD发生几率高有关。家庭收入增加与精神障碍的几率降低有关。

          结论: 本研究确定了COVID-19期间临床上显著精神痛苦的预测因素, 并强调了对于有PPE可靠来源以及进一步考查管理人员与员工之间沟通障碍的需求。

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          Most cited references43

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          A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

          Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
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            Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019

            Key Points Question What factors are associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers in China who are treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Findings In this cross-sectional study of 1257 health care workers in 34 hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 in multiple regions of China, a considerable proportion of health care workers reported experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress, especially women, nurses, those in Wuhan, and front-line health care workers directly engaged in diagnosing, treating, or providing nursing care to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Meaning These findings suggest that, among Chinese health care workers exposed to COVID-19, women, nurses, those in Wuhan, and front-line health care workers have a high risk of developing unfavorable mental health outcomes and may need psychological support or interventions.
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              The PHQ-9

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8198
                2000-8066
                10 March 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 1
                : 1882781
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Community Mental Health, University of Haifa; , Haifa, Israel
                [b ]Division of Psychiatry, University College London; , London, UK
                [c ]Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London; , London, UK
                [d ]Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust; , Worthing, UK
                [e ]School of Psychology, University of Sussex; , Brighton, UK
                [f ]Clinical Educational & Health Psychology, University College London; , London, UK
                [g ]Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, University College London; , London, UK
                [h ]Epidemiology and Applied Clinical Research Department, University College London; , London, UK
                [i ]St Pancras Hospital, Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust; , London, UK
                [j ]National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital; , London, UK
                [k ]National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; , London, UK
                Author notes
                CONTACT Talya Greene tgreene@ 123456univ.haifa.ac.il Department of Community Mental Health, University of Haifa; , 199 Aba Houshy Avenue, Haifa3498838, Israel
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3044-2841
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9027-2119
                Article
                1882781
                10.1080/20008198.2021.1882781
                8075082
                33968317
                f7e3bc29-bdcf-475a-9bfc-1f824c566c55
                © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, References: 41, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Research Article
                Basic Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                covid-19,frontline workers,health and social care,pandemics,distress,ptsd,depression,anxiety,trabajadores de primera línea,cuidado de salud y cuidado social,pandemias,sufrimiento,tept,depresión,ansiedad,一线工作者,卫生和社会护理,疫情,精神痛苦,抑郁,焦虑

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