A Special Issue on Respiration and the Airway: critical topics at a challenging time

Abstract

"Car il savait.., que le bacille de la peste ne meurt ni ne disparaît jamais,.., et que, peut-être, le jour viendrait où, pour le malheur et l'enseignement des hommes, peste réveillerait ses rats et les enverrait mourir dans une cité heureuse." (Albert Camus "LA PESTE", 1947) "He knew...that the plague bacillus never dies or disappears for good; that it can lie dormant for years and years...; and that perhaps the day would come when, for the bane and the enlightening of men, it would rouse up its rats again and send them forth to die in a happy city." ("THE PLAGUE", translation by Stuart Gilbert). This Special Issue of the British Journal of Anaesthesia on ‘Respiration and the Airway’ follows on from WAMM 2019, the second World Airway Management Meeting, held in the beautiful Beurs van Berlage building in Amsterdam, on 13-16 November 2019. Hosted by the Difficult Airway Society (DAS), Society of Airway Management (SAM), and European Airway Management Society (EAMS), and supported by 30 international airway groups, the conference presented a world-class programme of internationally renowned experts in the field of airway management. The WAMM 2019 attracted 1,804 delegates from 70 countries, and included 52 lectures, multiple workshops and 523 presented abstracts, some of which are collected in this Special Issue. 1 , 2 The success of the meeting led to a call for papers in the Autumn of 2019. We received many drafts from around the world, which underwent our rigorous peer review process, resulting in the collection of X [update at proof stage] articles published here. Since the BJA is the affiliated journal of the WAMM, this issue also contains the top 30 abstracts selected by a panel of experts at WAMM 2019. Together, these articles have been made freely available to all readers immediately upon publication, and they provide essential information for the safe practice of respiratory and airway management. The BJA recognizes that current strategies for airway management are still not ideal in many areas,3, 4, 5 and has long supported the activities of societies dedicated to airway management. 6 This includes the publication of several influential studies and guidelines on airway management.7, 8, 9 We also launched our first Special Issue on Airway Management in 2016, 10 which followed the first WAMM held in Dublin in 2015. This issue reviewed current problems associated with airway management and provided evidence-based preventative and treatment methods to reduce life-threatening complications associated with airway management. Since publication of the first Special issue on Airway Management, 10 there has been considerable development in equipment, strategies, and training methods of airway management.11, 12, 13, 14 There has also been increasing attention paid to developing effective airway and respiratory management approaches outside the operating room. 5 , 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 A notable project addressing this area is the Project for Universal Management of Airways (PUMA; https://www.universalairway.org), which aims to produce a set of principles that reflect a consensus of existing published airway guidelines that can be applied to all episodes of airway care, across boundaries of geography, clinical discipline and context. The concept, methodology, and the progress of this project were presented at WAMM 2019. This project could only be achieved through international collaboration of experts on airway management and interdisciplinary collaboration. This Special Issue contains new findings regarding effective airway management during anaesthesia and in critically ill patients, including technical strategies for the ‘cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate’ scenario.20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 Attention to the role of cognitive psychology in improving management and training of the cannot intubate cannot oxygenate (CICO) scenario is provided. 2 Additional articles address respiratory management, in particular as it relates to postoperative pulmonary complications and drug-induced respiratory depression.27, 28, 29 In the course of preparing this Special Issue, the world was overcome with an enormous challenge: the COVID-19 global pandemic. Toward the end of 2019, China alerted the World Health Organization (WHO) to several cases of an unusual pneumonia in Wuhan, Hubei province, possibly caused by an unknown virus. At the beginning of 2020, a new virus (initially named 2019-nCoV, now changed to SARS-CoV-2) was identified as belonging to the coronavirus family, which includes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The virus has spread globally, and in March, the WHO declared the coronavirus outbreak a global pandemic. A month after the outbreak in Wuhan, the death toll in China surpassed that of the SARS epidemic in 2002-3, and the death toll continues to rise. It is now clear that patients with this new virus (coronavirus infectious disease-2019, or COVID-19) frequently require advanced respiratory support, including noninvasive and invasive ventilation. This novel coronavirus is highly contagious, putting people who perform airway management and other aerosol and droplet generating procedures at a high risk of infection without proper protection. Thus, airway experts are in the midst of one of the most challenging scenarios for difficult airway and respiratory management. As a consequence of the WAMM meeting in 2019 and the collaborations that were established, anaesthetists with a particular interest in airway management from across the globe have been working together. This has led to a much greater understanding of the complexities of airway management and ventilation in the COVID-19 patients. Many groups are now working together to establish best practice guidelines and research projects to improve the management of this challenging group of patients. In addition, the concept of an Airway Lead network (https://www.niaa.org.uk/NAPAirwayLeads#pt) 30 is being adapted worldwide. The benefits of this network have been recognized across the UK with almost 97% of National Health Service (NHS) hospitals now having airway leads. Ireland and New Zealand have also established the network whilst they are in development in Australia, Canada and the US. The specific function of airway leads will vary slightly depending on the locale, but involves co-ordination of personnel, training and equipment with respect to airway management across the institution. In response to the COVID-19 crisis, the BJA has been facilitating rapid dissemination of relevant information through a new monthly feature in the Journal known as COVID-19 and the anaesthetist: a special series. A special collection has also been created on the BJA website (www.BJAnaesthesia.com) to make all publications on the topic appearing in the Journal easily accessible, in an effort to disseminate rapidly such knowledge to our international audience. This includes our rapidly growing body of articles related to COVID-19 involving patient care, research, opinion, and practical experience. Articles undergo expert peer review and rapid publication though our Advance Access feature in preprint form. As a result of this timing, this Special Issue includes several reports related to topics such as infection prevention during airway and respiratory management,31, 32, 33, 34 and effective oxygenation methods in patients with COVID-19. 35 , 36 A review article by Odo and colleagues 37 succinctly summarizes how SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally, relevant personal protective equipment (PPE) policies and the risk of transmission by and to medical staff. A report of the extensive early experience with airway management carried out in Wuhan is presented, together with consensus recommendations developed by a panel of international experts on airway management. 38 This Special Issue of the BJA on Respiration and the Airway provides critical practical information for the practice of anaesthesia and critical care, which has special significance in the era of COVID-19. A collection of high-quality articles involving international collaborations in the areas of airway and respiratory management summarizes the state of the art, and includes a number of late-breaking publications focusing on the COVID-19 global pandemic. The BJA continues to welcome submissions in the areas of airway management and respiration, which are featured in a regular section of the Journal as well as special issues on the topic, 10 including this one. We are fully committed to serving the science and practice of airway and respiratory management for the benefit our international audience and our patients. The critical importance of this role in advocating for the submission and dissemination of high-quality research and clinical guidance in critical care, respiration and airway management has been highlighted by the current global pandemic. Our commitment to supporting the critical role that anaesthetists play in the international response to this and other acute respiratory syndromes is on full display here. It is our sincere hope that the information included in this Special Issue will benefit our readers and their patients. Authors’ contributions All authors wrote, edited, and approved the final version. Declaration of interest TA is co-editor of Special Issue on Airway Management, and editor of the British Journal of Anaesthesia, Journal of Anesthesia, and JA Clinical Reports. EPO is co-editor of Special Issue on Airway Management, and a chairperson of the World Airway Management Meeting 2019. HCH is editor-in-chief of the British Journal of Anaesthesia.