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      Coping and adjustment in caregivers: A systematic review

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 1
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Health Psychology Open
      Publisher: SAGE Publications
      Keywords: adjustment, caregiver, caregiving, carer, coping

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          Abstract

          This systematic review assessed coping and adjustment in caregivers of all ages to provide a synthesis of existing literature in the context of methodological approaches and underlying theory. Four databases were searched. Reference lists, citations and experts were consulted. In total, 27 studies (13 quantitative and 14 qualitative) were included. Coping factors associated with adjustment (problem- versus emotion-focussed coping and cognitive strategies) and psychosocial factors associated with physiological adjustment (trait anxiety, coping style and social support) were identified. Results raised methodological issues. Future research requires physiological adjustment measures and longitudinal assessment of the long-term impact of childhood caregiving. Findings inform future caregiver research and interventions.

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          Most cited references61

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          Positive aspects of caregiving: rounding out the caregiver experience.

          Carole Cohen, Angela Colantonio, Lee Vernich (2002)
          To identify positive aspects of caregiving and examine how they are associated with caregiver outcomes. This study used a national sample of caregivers derived from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (part 2). Two hundred and eighty-nine caregivers caring for seniors living in the community were questioned about their experience of caregiving. Caregivers were asked whether they could identify any positive aspects related to their role, the type of positive aspects and to rate their feelings about caring. Using a conceptual model developed by Noonan and Tennstedt (1997), a staged stepwise multiple regression approach was used factoring the background/contextual variables, stressor variables (3 MS score, ADL limitations), mediator variables (positive aspects of caregiving, number of services used) and outcome variables (depression, burden and self-assessed health measures) into the model. Two hundred and eleven caregivers (73%) could identify at least one specific positive aspect of caregiving. An additional 20 (6.9%) could identify more than one positive aspect. Positive feelings about caring were associated with lower CES-D scores ( p<0.001), lower burden scores ( p<0.001) and better self assessed health ( p<0.001). Clinicians should inquire about the positive aspects of caregiving if they are to fully comprehend the caregiver experience and identify risk factors for negative caregiver outcomes. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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            Differences between caregivers and noncaregivers in psychological health and physical health: a meta-analysis.

            Silvia Sörensen, Martin Pinquart (2003)
            Providing care for a frail older adult has been described as a stressful experience that may erode psychological well-being and physical health of caregivers. In this meta-analysis, the authors integrated findings from 84 articles on differences between caregivers and noncaregivers in perceived stress, depression, general subjective well-being, physical health, and self-efficacy. The largest differences were found with regard to depression (g = .58), stress (g = .55), self-efficacy (g = .54), and general subjective well-being (g = -.40). Differences in the levels of physical health in favor of noncaregivers were statistically significant, but small (g = .18). However, larger differences were found between dementia caregivers and noncaregivers than between heterogeneous samples of caregivers and noncaregivers. Differences were also influenced by the quality of the study, relationship of caregiver to the care recipient, gender, and mean age of caregivers.
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              The influence of ethnicity and culture on the caregiver stress and coping process: a sociocultural review and analysis.

              V. M. Aranda, Sean Knight (1997)
              The authors review the literature on ethnic minority caregivers and suggest that ethnicity and culture play a significant role in the stress and coping process for Latino caregivers. Caregivers of older Latinos face special challenges in the caregiving for individuals at higher risk for specific chronic diseases, who are disabled at earlier ages, and who have more functional disabilities. Ethnicity and culture can also influence the appraisal of stress events, the perception and use of family support, and coping behaviors. Socioeconomic class and minority group status are discussed as additional sources of variation in the caregiver stress and coping model.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Health Psychol Open
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Health Psychol Open
                Journal ID (publisher-id): HPO
                Journal ID (hwp): sphpo
                Title: Health Psychology Open
                Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2055-1029
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 November 2018
                Publication date Collection: Jul-Dec 2018
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2055102918810659
                Affiliations
                [1 ]University of Bath, UK
                [2 ]Bournemouth University, UK
                Author notes
                [*]Tamsyn Hawken, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. Email: T.A.Hawken@ 123456bath.ac.uk
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10.1177_2055102918810659
                DOI: 10.1177/2055102918810659
                PMC ID: 6236498
                PubMed ID: 30450216
                SO-VID: f85e4b9d-cd31-4cd6-8453-b675cc1db9ea
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018
                License:

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: Economic and Social Research Council, FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000269;
                Categories
                Subject: Critical Review
                Custom metadata
                cover-date July-December 2018

                Keywords: adjustment,caregiver,caregiving,carer,coping
                Data availability:
                Keywords: adjustment, caregiver, caregiving, carer, coping

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