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      Efficacy of a multicomponent exercise training program intervention in community-dwelling older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cluster randomized controlled trial

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          Abstract

          The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused changes in lifestyle for older adults such as reduced physical activity and community participation. Community activity centers were randomly assigned to the intervention ( n = 82) or control arm ( n = 85). The intervention comprised one 60 min group exercise session per week in weeks 1–8 and an online home exercise program in weeks 9–16. Physical activity, physical performance, and prefrailty rates were assessed at baseline and 16 weeks. At 16 weeks, compared to the control arm, the intervention arm exhibited improved ( p < 0.05) leisure-time physical activity (phi = 0.571), vigorous physical activity (phi = 0.534), and moderate–vigorous physical activity (phi = 0.344); prefrailty rates (phi = 0.179); and short physical performance battery results (η 2 p  = 0.113). The intervention thus effectively improved physical activity levels, physical performance, and prefrailty rates in community-dwelling older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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          Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses.

          Franz Faul, Edgar Erdfelder, Axel Buchner … (2009)
          G*Power is a free power analysis program for a variety of statistical tests. We present extensions and improvements of the version introduced by Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, and Buchner (2007) in the domain of correlation and regression analyses. In the new version, we have added procedures to analyze the power of tests based on (1) single-sample tetrachoric correlations, (2) comparisons of dependent correlations, (3) bivariate linear regression, (4) multiple linear regression based on the random predictor model, (5) logistic regression, and (6) Poisson regression. We describe these new features and provide a brief introduction to their scope and handling.
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            A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission.

            J M Guralnik, E Simonsick, L Ferrucci … (1994)
            A short battery of physical performance tests was used to assess lower extremity function in more than 5,000 persons age 71 years and older in three communities. Balance, gait, strength, and endurance were evaluated by examining ability to stand with the feet together in the side-by-side, semi-tandem, and tandem positions, time to walk 8 feet, and time to rise from a chair and return to the seated position 5 times. A wide distribution of performance was observed for each test. Each test and a summary performance scale, created by summing categorical rankings of performance on each test, were strongly associated with self-report of disability. Both self-report items and performance tests were independent predictors of short-term mortality and nursing home admission in multivariate analyses. However, evidence is presented that the performance tests provide information not available from self-report items. Of particular importance is the finding that in those at the high end of the functional spectrum, who reported almost no disability, the performance test scores distinguished a gradient of risk for mortality and nursing home admission. Additionally, within subgroups with identical self-report profiles, there were systematic differences in physical performance related to age and sex. This study provides evidence that performance measures can validly characterize older persons across a broad spectrum of lower extremity function. Performance and self-report measures may complement each other in providing useful information about functional status.
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              Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the Timed Up & Go Test.

              Anne Shumway-Cook, Sandy Brauer, Marjorie Woollacott (2000)
              This study examined the sensitivity and specificity of the Timed Up & Go Test (TUG) under single-task versus dual-task conditions for identifying elderly individuals who are prone to falling. Fifteen older adults with no history of falls (mean age=78 years, SD=6, range=65-85) and 15 older adults with a history of 2 or more falls in the previous 6 months (mean age=86.2 years, SD=6, range=76-95) participated. Time taken to complete the TUG under 3 conditions (TUG, TUG with a subtraction task [TUGcognitive], and TUG while carrying a full cup of water [TUGmanual]) was measured. A multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant function and logistic regression analyses were performed. The TUG was found to be a sensitive (sensitivity=87%) and specific (specificity=87%) measure for identifying elderly individuals who are prone to falls. For both groups of older adults, simultaneous performance of an additional task increased the time taken to complete the TUG, with the greatest effect in the older adults with a history of falls. The TUG scores with or without an additional task (cognitive or manual) were equivalent with respect to identifying fallers and nonfallers. The results suggest that the TUG is a sensitive and specific measure for identifying community-dwelling adults who are at risk for falls. The ability to predict falls is not enhanced by adding a secondary task when performing the TUG.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Geriatr Nurs
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Geriatr Nurs
                Title: Geriatric Nursing (New York, N.y.)
                Publisher: Elsevier Inc.
                ISSN (Print): 0197-4572
                ISSN (Electronic): 1528-3984
                Publication date PMC-release: 16 December 2022
                Publication date (Print): January-February 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 December 2022
                Volume: 49
                Pages: 148-156
                Affiliations
                [a ]Graduate Institute of Gerontology and Health Care Management, Geriatric and Long-Term Care Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
                [b ]Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
                [c ]Graduate Institute of Gerontology and Health Care Management, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
                [d ]Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Graduate Institute of Gerontology and Health Care Management, Geriatric and Long-Term Care Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S0197-4572(22)00277-4
                DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.11.019
                PMC ID: 9757806
                PubMed ID: 36528997
                SO-VID: f8ff8182-28fa-4f95-8dc5-58bf3a807a3a
                Copyright © © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 12 September 2022
                Date revision received : 29 November 2022
                Date accepted : 30 November 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: multicomponent exercise training,older adults,physical activity,physical performance,prefrailty
                Data availability:
                Keywords: multicomponent exercise training, older adults, physical activity, physical performance, prefrailty

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