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      Effect of a maternal and newborn health system quality improvement project on the use of facilities for childbirth: a cluster‐randomised study in rural Tanzania

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          Reduction in maternal and newborn mortality requires that women deliver in high quality health facilities. However, many facilities provide sub‐optimal quality of care, which may be a reason for less than universal facility utilisation. We assessed the impact of a quality improvement project on facility utilisation for childbirth.

          Methods

          In this cluster‐randomised experiment in four rural districts in Tanzania, 12 primary care clinics and their catchment areas received a quality improvement intervention consisting of in‐service training, mentoring and supportive supervision, infrastructure support, and peer outreach, while 12 facilities and their catchment areas functioned as controls. We conducted a census of all deliveries within the catchment area and used difference‐in‐differences analysis to determine the intervention's effect on facility utilisation for childbirth. We conducted a secondary analysis of utilisation among women whose prior delivery was at home. We further investigated mechanisms for increased facility utilisation.

          Results

          The intervention led to an increase in facility births of 6.7 percentage points from a baseline of 72% (95% Confidence Interval: 0.6, 12.8). The intervention increased facility delivery among women with past home deliveries by 18.3 percentage points (95% CI: 10.1, 26.6). Antenatal quality increased in intervention facilities with providers performing an additional 0.5 actions across the full population and 0.8 actions for the home delivery subgroup.

          Conclusions

          We attribute the increased use of facilities to better antenatal quality. This increased utilisation would lead to lower maternal mortality only in the presence of improvement in care quality.

          Translated abstract

          Objectifs

          La réduction de la mortalité maternelle et néonatale exige que les femmes accouchent dans des établissements de santé de haute qualité. Cependant, de nombreux établissements offrent une qualité de soins sous‐optimale, ce qui peut expliquer l'utilisation moins généralisée des établissements. Nous avons évalué l'impact d'un projet d'amélioration de la qualité sur l'utilisation des établissements pour l'accouchement.

          Méthodes

          Dans cet essai randomisé en grappes mené dans quatre districts ruraux de Tanzanie, 12 cliniques de soins primaires et leurs zones de recrutement ont bénéficié d'une intervention d'amélioration de la qualité consistant en une formation au cours du service, une supervision par un encadrement et un accompagnement, un appui en infrastructure et des relations avec les pairs tandis que 12 établissements et leur zone de recrutement ont servi de contrôles. Nous avons procédé à un recensement de tous les accouchements dans la zone de recrutement et utilisé une analyse de la différence des différences pour déterminer l'effet de l'intervention sur l'utilisation des établissements pour l'accouchement. Nous avons effectué une analyse secondaire de l'utilisation chez les femmes dont l'accouchement précédent avait eu lieu à domicile. Nous avons également investigué les mécanismes permettant d'accroître l'utilisation des établissements.

          Résultats

          L'intervention a entraîné une augmentation du nombre de naissances dans les établissements de 6,7 points de pourcentage par rapport à une de référence base de 72% (intervalle de confiance à 95%: 0.6–12.8). L'intervention a augmenté de 18.3 points de pourcentage l'accouchement dans un établissement pour les femmes ayant accouché à domicile précédemment ( IC 95%: 10.1–26.6). La qualité prénatale a augmenté dans les établissements d'intervention, les prestataires effectuant 0.5 action supplémentaire sur l'ensemble de la population et 0.8 action pour le sous‐groupe des accouchements à domicile.

          Conclusions

          Nous attribuons l'utilisation accrue des établissements à une meilleure qualité prénatale. Cette utilisation accrue ne ferait baisser la mortalité maternelle que si la qualité des soins s'améliorait.

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          Most cited references29

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          Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data--or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India.

          Using data from India, we estimate the relationship between household wealth and children's school enrollment. We proxy wealth by constructing a linear index from asset ownership indicators, using principal-components analysis to derive weights. In Indian data this index is robust to the assets included, and produces internally coherent results. State-level results correspond well to independent data on per capita output and poverty. To validate the method and to show that the asset index predicts enrollments as accurately as expenditures, or more so, we use data sets from Indonesia, Pakistan, and Nepal that contain information on both expenditures and assets. The results show large, variable wealth gaps in children's enrollment across Indian states. On average a "rich" child is 31 percentage points more likely to be enrolled than a "poor" child, but this gap varies from only 4.6 percentage points in Kerala to 38.2 in Uttar Pradesh and 42.6 in Bihar.
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            Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes.

            Longitudinal data sets are comprised of repeated observations of an outcome and a set of covariates for each of many subjects. One objective of statistical analysis is to describe the marginal expectation of the outcome variable as a function of the covariates while accounting for the correlation among the repeated observations for a given subject. This paper proposes a unifying approach to such analysis for a variety of discrete and continuous outcomes. A class of generalized estimating equations (GEEs) for the regression parameters is proposed. The equations are extensions of those used in quasi-likelihood (Wedderburn, 1974, Biometrika 61, 439-447) methods. The GEEs have solutions which are consistent and asymptotically Gaussian even when the time dependence is misspecified as we often expect. A consistent variance estimate is presented. We illustrate the use of the GEE approach with longitudinal data from a study of the effect of mothers' stress on children's morbidity.
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              Quality maternity care for every woman, everywhere: a call to action.

              To improve maternal health requires action to ensure quality maternal health care for all women and girls, and to guarantee access to care for those outside the system. In this paper, we highlight some of the most pressing issues in maternal health and ask: what steps can be taken in the next 5 years to catalyse action toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goal target of less than 70 maternal deaths per 100 000 livebirths by 2030, with no single country exceeding 140? What steps can be taken to ensure that high-quality maternal health care is prioritised for every woman and girl everywhere? We call on all stakeholders to work together in securing a healthy, prosperous future for all women. National and local governments must be supported by development partners, civil society, and the private sector in leading efforts to improve maternal-perinatal health. This effort means dedicating needed policies and resources, and sustaining implementation to address the many factors influencing maternal health-care provision and use. Five priority actions emerge for all partners: prioritise quality maternal health services that respond to the local specificities of need, and meet emerging challenges; promote equity through universal coverage of quality maternal health services, including for the most vulnerable women; increase the resilience and strength of health systems by optimising the health workforce, and improve facility capability; guarantee sustainable finances for maternal-perinatal health; and accelerate progress through evidence, advocacy, and accountability.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                elarson@mail.harvard.edu
                Journal
                Trop Med Int Health
                Trop. Med. Int. Health
                10.1111/(ISSN)1365-3156
                TMI
                Tropical Medicine & International Health
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                1360-2276
                1365-3156
                11 March 2019
                May 2019
                : 24
                : 5 ( doiID: 10.1111/tmi.2019.24.issue-5 )
                : 636-646
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Global Health and Population Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA USA
                [ 2 ] Department of Biostatistics Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA USA
                [ 3 ] Ifakara Health Institute Dar es Salaam Tanzania
                [ 4 ] Tanzania Health Promotion Support Dar es Salaam Tanzania
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Corresponding Author Elysia Larson, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Building 1, 11th floor, Boston, MA, USA. E‐mail: elarson@ 123456mail.harvard.edu
                [†]

                Deceased.

                Article
                TMI13220
                10.1111/tmi.13220
                6499631
                30767422
                f91135cc-355e-4834-8eaa-6e3e444dae1e
                © 2019 The Authors. Tropical Medicine & International Health Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Pages: 11, Words: 7651
                Funding
                Funded by: NIH , open-funder-registry 10.13039/100000002;
                Award ID: R01AI093182
                Categories
                Original Article
                Original Research Papers
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                May 2019
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.7.1 mode:remove_FC converted:12.11.2019

                Medicine
                maternal and newborn health,quality,utilisation,tanzania,cluster‐randomised controlled trial,evaluation,santé maternelle et néonatale,qualité,tanzanie,essai contrôlé randomisé en grappes,évaluation

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