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      Eine Geschichte der Emerging Substances in Österreich Translated title: The history of emerging substances in Austria

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          Abstract

          Im Laufe der Zeit gelangten viele unterschiedliche Stoffgruppen in den Fokus der Aufmerksamkeit und in der Folge wurden ihr Vorkommen, Verhalten und ihre Wirkungen untersucht. Waren es in den 90er-Jahren Waschmittel und die Schaumbildung in Gewässern, wurden später die Ursachen für Verfärbungen im Bereich von Gerbereien erforscht sowie das Vorkommen von Chemikalien und Schadstoffen in der Umgebung von Industriebetrieben. Organochlorpestizide, bromierte Flammschutzmittel, perfluorierte Tenside bzw. PFAS und Organozinnverbindungen sind einige Beispiele von „Emerging Substances“. Nach Pestiziden und Industriechemikalien wurden Arzneimittelwirkstoffe, Kosmetika und Körperpflegemittel zu „Emerging Substances“. Letztlich ist es aber die Wirkung der Stoffe, sei es persistent, bioakkumulierend, mobil, toxisch oder hormonschädigend, die Aufmerksamkeit erregt und gesetzliche Regelungen initiiert. Während die Stoffe und die Methoden, um sie nachzuweisen, sich veränderten, wurden auch die entsprechenden Gesetzesmaterien angepasst. Dies führte wiederum zum Einsatz neuer oder leicht modifizierter Stoffe und Stoffgruppen. Mit innovativen Methoden wie nicht-zielgerichteter Analytik, biologischen Wirktests oder Bioassays versucht man nun, die Vielzahl und die Kombinationswirkungen der vorhandenen Stoffe zu adressieren. Um einen umfassenden Grundwasser- und Gewässerschutz zu gewährleisten, müssen die Untersuchungs- und Bewertungsmethoden weiterentwickelt werden. Die bereits vorhandenen und neu gewonnenen Kenntnisse müssen schneller in regulatorische Konsequenzen umgesetzt werden. Essenziell für eine umwelt- und gesundheitsverträgliche Entwicklung ist eine umfassende Transformation der Gesellschaft im Hinblick auf eine nachhaltige Nutzung natürlicher Wasserressourcen. Dies ist auf vielen unterschiedlichen Ebenen umzusetzen, auch die Weitergabe von Wissen und Bewusstseinsbildung spielen hier eine bedeutende Rolle.

          Translated abstract

          Over time, many different groups of substances became the focus of interest, so their occurrence, behaviour and effects were studied. While in the 1990s, it was detergents and the formation of foam in water, later the causes of discolouration around tanneries were researched, as well as the presence of chemicals and pollutants near industrial plants. Organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, perfluoroalkyl substances or PFAS, organotin compounds are some examples of such Emerging substances. After pesticides and industrial chemicals, active pharmaceutical ingredients, cosmetics and personal care products have also become “Emerging substances”. Ultimately, however, it is the effect of the substances—whether persistent, bioaccumulative, mobile, toxic or even endocrine disruption—that attracts attention and triggers legal regulations. As the substances and the methods for their detection changed, so did the corresponding legislation. This in turn led to the use of new or slightly modified substances and substance groups. Innovative methods such as non-targeted analytics and biological effect tests or bioassays are now being utilised to address the variety and combined effects of the existing substances. In order to ensure comprehensive groundwater and water protection, the investigation and assessment methods must be developed. Furthermore, the existing and newly acquired knowledge need to be translated into regulatory consequences more quickly. Beyond that, a comprehensive societal transformation with regard to the sustainable use of natural water resources is essential for environmentally sound and healthy development. This must therefore be implemented on many different levels; with knowledge transfer and awareness-raising also having a significant role to play.

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          Outside the Safe Operating Space of the Planetary Boundary for Novel Entities

          We submit that the safe operating space of the planetary boundary of novel entities is exceeded since annual production and releases are increasing at a pace that outstrips the global capacity for assessment and monitoring. The novel entities boundary in the planetary boundaries framework refers to entities that are novel in a geological sense and that could have large-scale impacts that threaten the integrity of Earth system processes. We review the scientific literature relevant to quantifying the boundary for novel entities and highlight plastic pollution as a particular aspect of high concern. An impact pathway from production of novel entities to impacts on Earth system processes is presented. We define and apply three criteria for assessment of the suitability of control variables for the boundary: feasibility, relevance, and comprehensiveness. We propose several complementary control variables to capture the complexity of this boundary, while acknowledging major data limitations. We conclude that humanity is currently operating outside the planetary boundary based on the weight-of-evidence for several of these control variables. The increasing rate of production and releases of larger volumes and higher numbers of novel entities with diverse risk potentials exceed societies’ ability to conduct safety related assessments and monitoring. We recommend taking urgent action to reduce the harm associated with exceeding the boundary by reducing the production and releases of novel entities, noting that even so, the persistence of many novel entities and/or their associated effects will continue to pose a threat.
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            A review of what is an emerging contaminant

            A review is presented of how one defines emerging contaminants and what can be included in that group of contaminants which is preferably termed “contaminants of emerging concern”. An historical perspective is given on the evolution of the issues surrounding emerging contaminants and how environmental scientists have tackled this issue. This begins with global lead contamination from the Romans two millennia ago, moves on to arsenic-based and DDT issues and more recently to pharmaceuticals, cyanotoxins, personal care products, nanoparticles, flame retardants, etc. Contaminants of emerging concern will remain a moving target as new chemical compounds are continuously being produced and science continuously improves its understanding of current and past contaminants.
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              A path to clean water:

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                maria.uhl@umweltbundesamt.at
                Journal
                Österr Wasser- und Abfallw
                Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft
                Springer Vienna (Vienna )
                0945-358X
                1613-7566
                24 May 2022
                : 1-7
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.100572.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0448 8410, Team Studien & Beratung, Unit Umweltbundesamt – Labore, , Umweltbundesamt, ; Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Wien, Österreich
                [2 ]GRID grid.100572.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0448 8410, Unit Umweltbundesamt – Labore, , Umweltbundesamt, ; Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Wien, Österreich
                Article
                864
                10.1007/s00506-022-00864-7
                9127477
                f96b0172-3d96-45b2-ae68-6e1e28a762c0
                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Österreichischer Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaftsverband (ÖWAV) and Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2022

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 6 April 2022
                Categories
                Originalarbeit

                öffentliche aufmerksamkeit,monitoring,wirkungen,methoden,regulatorik,nachhaltigkeit,emerging substances,public attention,impacts,methods,regulation,sustainability

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