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      Neutrophil phenotypes and functions in cancer: A consensus statement

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          Abstract

          There is a growing appreciation for the vastness of neutrophil functional states in cancer. Quail et al. provide a consensus statement on mechanisms governing neutrophil heterogeneity in the context of malignancy and discuss controversies and solutions in neutrophil research.

          Abstract

          Neutrophils are the first responders to infection and inflammation and are thus a critical component of innate immune defense. Understanding the behavior of neutrophils as they act within various inflammatory contexts has provided insights into their role in sterile and infectious diseases; however, the field of neutrophils in cancer is comparatively young. Here, we summarize key concepts and current knowledge gaps related to the diverse roles of neutrophils throughout cancer progression. We discuss sources of neutrophil heterogeneity in cancer and provide recommendations on nomenclature for neutrophil states that are distinct in maturation and activation. We address discrepancies in the literature that highlight a need for technical standards that ought to be considered between laboratories. Finally, we review emerging questions in neutrophil biology and innate immunity in cancer. Overall, we emphasize that neutrophils are a more diverse population than previously appreciated and that their role in cancer may present novel unexplored opportunities to treat cancer.

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          The Hallmarks of Aging

          Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to death. This deterioration is the primary risk factor for major human pathologies, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Aging research has experienced an unprecedented advance over recent years, particularly with the discovery that the rate of aging is controlled, at least to some extent, by genetic pathways and biochemical processes conserved in evolution. This Review enumerates nine tentative hallmarks that represent common denominators of aging in different organisms, with special emphasis on mammalian aging. These hallmarks are: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. A major challenge is to dissect the interconnectedness between the candidate hallmarks and their relative contributions to aging, with the final goal of identifying pharmaceutical targets to improve human health during aging, with minimal side effects. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria.

            Neutrophils engulf and kill bacteria when their antimicrobial granules fuse with the phagosome. Here, we describe that, upon activation, neutrophils release granule proteins and chromatin that together form extracellular fibers that bind Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. These neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) degrade virulence factors and kill bacteria. NETs are abundant in vivo in experimental dysentery and spontaneous human appendicitis, two examples of acute inflammation. NETs appear to be a form of innate response that binds microorganisms, prevents them from spreading, and ensures a high local concentration of antimicrobial agents to degrade virulence factors and kill bacteria.
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              Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1–based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors

              Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis induce sustained clinical responses in a sizeable minority of cancer patients. Here, we show that primary resistance to ICI can be due to abnormal gut microbiome composition. Antibiotics (ATB) inhibited the clinical benefit of ICI in patients with advanced cancer. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from cancer patients who responded to ICI (but not from non-responding patients) into germ-free or ATB-treated mice ameliorated the antitumor effects of PD-1 blockade. Metagenomics of patient stools at diagnosis revealed correlations between clinical responses to ICI and the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila. Oral supplementation with A. muciniphila post-FMT with non-responder feces restored the efficacy of PD-1 blockade in an IL-12-dependent manner, by increasing the recruitment of CCR9+CXCR3+CD4+ T lymphocytes into tumor beds.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Visualization
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: upervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Journal
                J Exp Med
                J Exp Med
                jem
                The Journal of Experimental Medicine
                Rockefeller University Press
                0022-1007
                1540-9538
                06 June 2022
                06 May 2022
                06 May 2022
                : 219
                : 6
                : e20220011
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
                [2 ] Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
                [3 ] Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY
                [4 ] Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY
                [5 ]Departments of Molecular Medicine and Pediatrics, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY
                [6 ] Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
                [7 ] Hadassah Medical Center, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
                [8 ] Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
                [9 ] Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
                [10 ] Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
                [11 ] Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
                [12 ] Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
                [13 ]Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
                [14 ] Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
                [15 ] Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
                [16 ] Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
                [17 ] Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
                [18 ] Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
                [19 ] Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
                [20 ] Lung Cancer and Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Bordet Cancer Research Laboratories, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Anderlecht, Belgium
                [21 ] Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
                [22 ] Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
                [23 ] Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
                [24 ] Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
                [25 ] Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
                [26 ] Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
                [27 ] AGORA Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
                [28 ] University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
                [29 ] Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
                [30 ] Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
                [31 ] Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
                [32 ] Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
                [33 ] Division of Tumour Biology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
                [34 ] Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
                [35 ] Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
                [36 ] Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
                [37 ]Banbury Center meeting organizers, Diverse Functions of Neutrophils in Cancer, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, NY
                [38 ]Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
                [39 ]Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Daniela F. Quail: daniela.quail@ 123456mcgill.ca

                Disclosures: E. Eruslanov reported a patent to the use of HLA-DR+CD32hiCD64hi hybrid neutrophils with characteristics of antigen-presenting cells to augment therapy for cancer or infectious diseases pending. Z.G. Fridlender reported “other” from Immunyx outside the submitted work; in addition, Z.G. Fridlender had a patent to ID - 6494-1 licensed "Immunyx." Z. Granot reported personal fees from Immunyx Pharma outside the submitted work. A. Hidalgo is a paid consultant for Flagship Pioneering, which is not related to this work. M.J. Pittet reported personal fees from AstraZeneca, Debiopharm, Elstar Therapeutics, ImmuneOncia, KSQ Therapeutics, MaxiVax, Merck, Molecular Partners, Third Rock Ventures, and Tidal outside the submitted work; in addition, M.J. Pittet has been a consultant for Aileron Therapeutics, Cygnal Therapeutics, and Siamab Therapeutics. T.K van den Berg is an inventor on patent application WO2009/131453 A1, owned by Sanquin Blood Supply Organization, licensed to Byondis BV, related to the targeting of CD47-SIRPα in cancer. D.D. Wagner reported personal fees from Takeda Pharmaceutical and “other” from Neutrolis, SAB during the conduct of the study. K.E. de Visser reported grants from Roche/Genentech and personal fees from Macomics outside the submitted work. M. Egeblad is a member of the research advisory board for brensocatib for Insmed, Inc, a member of the scientific advisory board for Vividion Therapeutics, Inc., and a consultant for Protalix, Inc outside the submitted work. T. Merghoub is a co-founder and holds equity in IMVAQ Therapeutics. He is a consultant of Immunos Therapeutics, ImmunoGenesis, and Pfizer. In addition, T Merghoub has research support from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Surface Oncology, Kyn Therapeutics, Infinity Pharmaceuticals Inc., Peregrine Pharmaceuticals Inc., Adaptive Biotechnologies, Leap Therapeutics Inc., and Aprea. He has patents on applications related to work on oncolytic viral therapy, α-virus-based vaccine, neo antigen modeling, CD40, GITR, OX40, PD-1, and CTLA-4. No other disclosures were reported.

                T.K. van den Berg’s present address is Byondis BV, Nijmegen, Netherlands.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6969-3250
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8518-8393
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8195-4505
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6766-4352
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0743-5026
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6122-1988
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8097-2413
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9692-5785
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5513-555X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-6254
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2968-0815
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4867-3311
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1518-5111
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0899-2230
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4764-7413
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2060-4691
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4275-8835
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6716-2528
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2052-3904
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4494-413X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1557-0394
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6018-193X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0293-868X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3371-1445
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2835-4244
                Article
                jem.20220011
                10.1084/jem.20220011
                9086501
                35522219
                f9843c13-0c06-4c6b-a2c5-8b3e151a715f
                © 2022 Quail et al.

                This article is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution 4.0 International, as described at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 23 December 2021
                : 11 March 2022
                : 23 March 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100013356;
                Funded by: Canadian Institutes of Health Research, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000024;
                Award ID: PJT-159742
                Award ID: PJT-178306
                Funded by: Terry Fox Research Institute, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004376;
                Funded by: Canada Research Chair, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001804;
                Funded by: Medical Research Council, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000265;
                Award ID: MR/R02149x/1
                Funded by: National Institutes of Health, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002;
                Award ID: R01GM129633
                Award ID: P01CA240239
                Award ID: R01CA218579
                Award ID: P30 CA008748
                Funded by: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000069;
                Award ID: AR065959-01
                Award ID: ZIAAR041199
                Funded by: Department of Defense, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000005;
                Award ID: W81XWH-18-1-0674
                Award ID: W81XWH-15-1-0717
                Award ID: W81XWH2010753
                Funded by: National Cancer Institute, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000054;
                Award ID: R01CA187392
                Award ID: R01 CA056821
                Funded by: Israel Science Foundation, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003977;
                Award ID: 1708/20
                Award ID: 405/18
                Funded by: Sasson and Luisa Naor Fund;
                Funded by: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000060;
                Award ID: R01AI134987
                Funded by: Israel Cancer Research Fund, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100001698;
                Funded by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659;
                Funded by: Rosetrees Trust, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000833;
                Funded by: European Commission, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000780;
                Award ID: 861878
                Funded by: Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005884;
                Funded by: Pro-CNIC Foundation;
                Funded by: European Research Council, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010663;
                Award ID: ERC CoG-H2020-725492
                Funded by: Francis Crick Institute, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010438;
                Funded by: Cancer Research UK, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000289;
                Award ID: FC001112
                Funded by: UK Medical Research Council, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000265;
                Award ID: FC001112
                Funded by: Wellcome Trust, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010269;
                Award ID: FC001112
                Award ID: 209422/Z/17/Z
                Funded by: Swim Across America, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100016947;
                Funded by: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100009729;
                Award ID: P01CA240239
                Award ID: R01CA218579
                Funded by: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy;
                Funded by: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Research Institute;
                Funded by: Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100014547;
                Funded by: Swiss National Science Foundation;
                Award ID: 310030_179324
                Funded by: Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002661;
                Award ID: MISU F.6003.22
                Funded by: Ludwig Cancer Research, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100017035;
                Funded by: Byondis BV;
                Funded by: Dutch Ministry of Health;
                Funded by: The Dutch Cancer Society, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004622;
                Award ID: 10300
                Award ID: KWF10623
                Award ID: KWF10083
                Award ID: KWF13191
                Funded by: National Health, Lung and Blood Institute, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000050;
                Award ID: R35HL135765
                Funded by: National Institute of General Medical Sciences, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000057;
                Award ID: R35GM118337
                Funded by: Max Planck Society, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004189;
                Funded by: Oncode Institute, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100021821;
                Funded by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004837;
                Funded by: Institut Suisse de Recherche Expérimentale sur le Cancer;
                Funded by: Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research;
                Award ID: NWO-VICI 91819616
                Categories
                Review
                Innate immunity and inflammation
                Tumor immunology
                Cancer Focus
                Cancer Focus

                Medicine
                Medicine

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