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      Taxonomic notes on the genus Campiglossa Rondani (Diptera, Tephritidae, Tephritinae, Tephritini) in India, with description of three new species

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          Abstract

          Three new species of Campiglossa Rondani are described from India: adults of both sexes and third instar larvae of C. ialong David, Salini & Hancock, sp. nov. and C. sherlyae David & Hancock, sp. nov., plus an adult female of C. shaktii David, Sachin & Hancock, sp. nov., are described and illustrated. Postabdominal structures, cephalopharyngeal skeleton, and anterior and posterior spiracles of C. gemma (Hering, 1939) and C. sororcula (Wiedemann, 1830) are illustrated. DNA barcode sequences of C. ialong sp. nov., C. sherlyae sp. nov., and C. gemma were obtained and reported. Records of C. absinthii (Fabricius, 1805) and C. iracunda (Hering, 1938) are regarded as misidentifications of C. lyncea (Bezzi, 1913) and C. shaktii sp. nov., respectively, and excluded from the Indian fauna. A key to the known species of Campiglossa from India is provided. Results of preliminary phylogenetic analysis using COI revealed that C. ialong sp. nov. is paraphyletic to the Campiglossa misella group and C. C. sherlyae sp. nov. is a sister species of C. deserta .

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          MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms.

          Sudhir Kumar, Glen Stecher, Michael KaWah Li … (2018)
          The Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software implements many analytical methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. Here, we report a transformation of Mega to enable cross-platform use on Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. Mega X does not require virtualization or emulation software and provides a uniform user experience across platforms. Mega X has additionally been upgraded to use multiple computing cores for many molecular evolutionary analyses. Mega X is available in two interfaces (graphical and command line) and can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            CONFIDENCE LIMITS ON PHYLOGENIES: AN APPROACH USING THE BOOTSTRAP.

            Joseph Felsenstein (1985)
            The recently-developed statistical method known as the "bootstrap" can be used to place confidence intervals on phylogenies. It involves resampling points from one's own data, with replacement, to create a series of bootstrap samples of the same size as the original data. Each of these is analyzed, and the variation among the resulting estimates taken to indicate the size of the error involved in making estimates from the original data. In the case of phylogenies, it is argued that the proper method of resampling is to keep all of the original species while sampling characters with replacement, under the assumption that the characters have been independently drawn by the systematist and have evolved independently. Majority-rule consensus trees can be used to construct a phylogeny showing all of the inferred monophyletic groups that occurred in a majority of the bootstrap samples. If a group shows up 95% of the time or more, the evidence for it is taken to be statistically significant. Existing computer programs can be used to analyze different bootstrap samples by using weights on the characters, the weight of a character being how many times it was drawn in bootstrap sampling. When all characters are perfectly compatible, as envisioned by Hennig, bootstrap sampling becomes unnecessary; the bootstrap method would show significant evidence for a group if it is defined by three or more characters.
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              Glossary

              Ian White, Lynn Carroll, David H. Headrick … (1999)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Karamankodu Jacob David:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5092-141X
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Zookeys
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Zookeys
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 2
                Journal ID (index): urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048D35-BB1D-5CE8-9668-537E44BD4C7E
                Journal ID (aggregator): urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727A
                Title: ZooKeys
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1313-2989
                ISSN (Electronic): 1313-2970
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 October 2020
                Volume: 977
                Pages: 75-100
                Affiliations
                [1 ] National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bangalore-560024, Karnataka, India National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources Bangalore India
                [2 ] 60 South Street, Carlisle, Cumbria CA1 2EP, UK Unafiliated Cumbria United Kingdom
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Karamankodu Jacob David ( davidkj.nbaii@ 123456gmail.com )

                Academic editor: M. De Meyer

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5092-141X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6764-5167
                Article
                Publisher ID: 57875
                DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.977.57875
                PMC ID: 7596020
                SO-VID: fa3d7d7c-adab-4cdf-bffe-c210aa02d0f1
                Copyright © Karamankodu Jacob David, David Lawrence Hancock, Santhamma Salini, Ramasamy Gandhi Gracy, Kandiyil Sachin
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 21 August 2020
                Date accepted : 11 September 2020
                Funding
                Department of Science and Technology, India
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Tephritidae
                Subject: Agriculture and Forestry
                Subject: Cenozoic
                Subject: India

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: asteraceae , conyza , dioxyna ,northeast india, sonchus ,western ghats
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: asteraceae , conyza , dioxyna , northeast india, sonchus , western ghats

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