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      Acesso Aberto e Conhecimento Científico: Entre a Res Publica e o Modelo de Negócio. Uma Revisão da Literatura Translated title: Open Access and Scientific Knowledge: Between the Public Interest and the Business Model. A Literature Review

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          Abstract

          Resumo: A discussão sobre aquilo que o acesso aberto pode dar à ciência polarizou-se nos últimos anos. Se, por um lado, a primeira década do novo milénio nos trouxe um entusiasmo que poderemos considerar como bastante abrangente na comunidade científica, relativamente às grandes potencialidades de abertura do conhecimento, da sua comunicação e partilha, e dos mecanismos de participação cidadã no processo científico, os últimos anos trouxeram-nos um novo debate que aborda a derivação do acesso aberto para um novo modelo de negócio. Ao sustentarmos o presente artigo numa extensa revisão da literatura de um tema que é, ainda hoje, residual nos estudos que intersectam as áreas da comunicação de ciência e da economia da ciência, propusemo-nos sintetizar as principais razões evocadas de um lado e do outro. Entre os pontos positivos destacados na relação entre acesso aberto e conhecimento científico, destacam-se o potencial difusor do acesso aberto na disseminação de conhecimento, o aumento da visibilidade desse conhecimento produzido, o envolvimento da sociedade e dos profissionais no processo científico, através de lógicas de participação cívica e interpares, a maior eficiência e interação com benefícios para os próprios projetos de investigação, a retenção dos direitos de publicação pelos autores, a redistribuição de recursos, e a maior transparência de um modelo de natureza mais escrutinadora. Entre os pontos negativos, destaca-se essencialmente a incapacidade de combater uma espécie de economia da ciência paralela que tira proveito do acesso aberto e das lógicas de sofreguidão da produção académica para instituir as designadas article processing charges, pouco transparentes e com valores e taxas de publicação muitas vezes superiores aos vários milhares de euros, que atentam contra os princípios da ciência aberta e que são geradoras de desigualdades de oportunidades dentro da própria comunidade científica.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: The discussion on what open access can give to science has become polarized in recent years. On the one hand, the first decade of the new millennium brought us an enthusiasm that one can consider as quite comprehensive in the scientific community, regarding the great potential of open access in the dissemination of knowledge, its sharing and the mechanisms of citizen participation in the scientific process. On the other hand, the last few years have brought us a new debate that addresses and criticizes the derivation of open access to a new business model. By supporting this article with an extensive review of the literature on a topic that is still residual in studies that intersect the areas of science communication and the field of the economics of science, we propose to summarize the main reasons evoked by a side and the other. Among the positive points, we highlight the potential of open access in the dissemination of knowledge, the increased visibility of this knowledge, the involvement of society and professionals in the scientific process through civic participation logics, greater efficiency and interaction with benefits for the research projects themselves, the retention of publication rights by the authors, the redistribution of resources, and the greater transparency of a more scrutinizing model. Among the negative points, we can essentially highlight the inability to combat a kind of parallel science economy, which takes advantage of open access and the logic of academic overproduction, to establish the so-called “article processing charges” with little transparency and with publication rates often in excess of several thousand euros, which violate the principles of open science and generate inequalities in opportunities within the scientific community itself.

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          Most cited references67

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          The history and meaning of the journal impact factor.

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            Predatory publishers are corrupting open access.

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              Data reuse and the open data citation advantage

              Background. Attribution to the original contributor upon reuse of published data is important both as a reward for data creators and to document the provenance of research findings. Previous studies have found that papers with publicly available datasets receive a higher number of citations than similar studies without available data. However, few previous analyses have had the statistical power to control for the many variables known to predict citation rate, which has led to uncertain estimates of the “citation benefit”. Furthermore, little is known about patterns in data reuse over time and across datasets. Method and Results. Here, we look at citation rates while controlling for many known citation predictors and investigate the variability of data reuse. In a multivariate regression on 10,555 studies that created gene expression microarray data, we found that studies that made data available in a public repository received 9% (95% confidence interval: 5% to 13%) more citations than similar studies for which the data was not made available. Date of publication, journal impact factor, open access status, number of authors, first and last author publication history, corresponding author country, institution citation history, and study topic were included as covariates. The citation benefit varied with date of dataset deposition: a citation benefit was most clear for papers published in 2004 and 2005, at about 30%. Authors published most papers using their own datasets within two years of their first publication on the dataset, whereas data reuse papers published by third-party investigators continued to accumulate for at least six years. To study patterns of data reuse directly, we compiled 9,724 instances of third party data reuse via mention of GEO or ArrayExpress accession numbers in the full text of papers. The level of third-party data use was high: for 100 datasets deposited in year 0, we estimated that 40 papers in PubMed reused a dataset by year 2, 100 by year 4, and more than 150 data reuse papers had been published by year 5. Data reuse was distributed across a broad base of datasets: a very conservative estimate found that 20% of the datasets deposited between 2003 and 2007 had been reused at least once by third parties. Conclusion. After accounting for other factors affecting citation rate, we find a robust citation benefit from open data, although a smaller one than previously reported. We conclude there is a direct effect of third-party data reuse that persists for years beyond the time when researchers have published most of the papers reusing their own data. Other factors that may also contribute to the citation benefit are considered. We further conclude that, at least for gene expression microarray data, a substantial fraction of archived datasets are reused, and that the intensity of dataset reuse has been steadily increasing since 2003.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                csoc
                Comunicação e Sociedade
                Comunicação e Sociedade
                Centro de Estudos de Comunicação e Sociedade - Universidade do Minho (Braga, , Portugal )
                1645-2089
                2183-3575
                June 2021
                : 39
                : 203-222
                Affiliations
                [2] Moscovo orgnameLomonosov University orgdiv1Department of New Media and Communication Theory orgdiv2Faculty of Journalism Rússia
                [1] Lisboa orgnameInstituto Universitário de Lisboa orgdiv1Escola de Sociologia e Políticas Públicas orgdiv2Centro de Investigação e Estudos de Sociologia Portugal
                Article
                S2183-35752021000100203 S2183-3575(21)03900000203
                10.17231/comsoc.39(2021).2756
                faab07ff-060b-494e-93c6-49d2ddc074ca

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 August 2020
                : 19 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 67, Pages: 20
                Product

                SciELO Portugal

                Categories
                Artigos Temáticos

                business model,public interest,scientific knowledge,open access,modelo de negócio,interesse público,conhecimento científico,acesso aberto

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