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      Exploring pathways from violence and HIV disclosure without consent to depression, social support, and HIV medication self-efficacy among women living with HIV in Metro Vancouver, Canada

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          Abstract

          We used path analysis to investigate complex pathways from HIV status disclosure without consent, physical/verbal violence and depression, social support, and HIV medication self-efficacy through mediators of HIV stigma among women living with HIV in Canada. In the final model, internalized stigma fully mediated the relationship between physical/verbal violence and reduced medication self-efficacy. Enacted stigma fully mediated the relationship between HIV status disclosure without consent and depression. Internalized stigma (β = 0.252; p < 0.001) had a significant negative direct effect on medication self-efficacy. Enacted stigma had a significant direct effect on depression (β = 0.162; p = 0.037). Findings will help improve services and interventions to promote quality of life and well-being of women living with HIV.

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          Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation.

          Clayton Cook, Kirk R Williams, Nancy G Guerra … (2010)
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            Intimate partner violence against adult women and its association with major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms and postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

            Hind Beydoun, May Beydoun, Jay S. Kaufman … (2012)
            To date, few systematic reviews of observational studies have been conducted to comprehensively evaluate the co-morbidity of intimate partner violence (IPV) and specific depression outcomes in women. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we summarize the extant literature and estimate the magnitude of the association between IPV and key depressive outcomes (elevated depressive symptoms, diagnosed major depressive disorder and postpartum depression). PubMed (January 1, 1980-December 31, 2010) searches of English-language observational studies were conducted. Most of the selected 37 studies had cross-sectional population-based designs, focused on elevated depressive symptoms and were conducted in the United States. Most studies suggested moderate or strong positive associations between IPV and depression. Our meta-analysis suggested two to three-fold increased risk of major depressive disorder and 1.5-2-fold increased risk of elevated depressive symptoms and postpartum depression among women exposed to intimate partner violence relative to non-exposed women. A sizable proportion (9%-28%) of major depressive disorder, elevated depressive symptoms, and postpartum depression can be attributed to lifetime exposure to IPV. In an effort to reduce the burden of depression, continued research is recommended for evaluating IPV preventive strategies. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Depression and adherence to antiretroviral therapy in low-, middle- and high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

              Olalekan A Uthman, Jessica Magidson, Steven Safren … (2014)
              We investigated the associations between depressive symptoms and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV (PLHIV). We searched the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL databases for studies that reported an association between depression and adherence to ART as a primary or secondary outcome. We used a random-effect model to pool the risk estimates from the individual studies. The odds ratio (OR) with their 95 % CIs were used as summary estimates. Of 2861 citations, 111 studies that recruited 42,366 PLHIV met our inclusion criteria. When reported, the rate of PLHIV with depressive symptoms ranged from 12.8 to 78 % and the proportion of PLHIV who achieved good adherence (≥ 80 %) ranged from 20 to 98 %. There were no significant differences in rate of depressive symptoms in PLHIV by country income group; however, the proportion of PLHIV who achieved good adherence was significantly higher in lower-income countries (as defined in the 2012 World Bank Country Income Groups) (pooled rate=86 %) compared to higher-income countries (pooled rate=67.5 %; p< .05). We found that the likelihood of achieving good ART adherence was 42 % lower among those with depressive symptoms compared to those without (pooled OR=0.58, 95 % CI 0.55 to 0.62). The relationship between depressive symptoms and adherence to ART was consistent across the country's income group, study design and adherence rates. We found that the magnitude of the association significantly decreases with more recent publications and increasing study sample size. The higher the prevalence of depressive symptoms of PLHIV recruited in the studies, the lower the likelihood of achieving good adherence to ART. In conclusion, the likelihood of achieving good adherence was lower among those with depressive symptoms compared to those without.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Health Psychol Open
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Health Psychol Open
                Journal ID (publisher-id): HPO
                Journal ID (hwp): sphpo
                Title: Health Psychology Open
                Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2055-1029
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 January 2020
                Publication date Collection: Jan-Jun 2020
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2055102919897384
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Centre for Gender & Sexual Health Equity, Canada
                [2 ]The University of British Columbia, Canada
                [3 ]University of Toronto, Canada
                Author notes
                [*]Kathleen N Deering, Division of AIDS, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, 1190 Hornby Street/647 Powell Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2K5, Canada. Email: kathleen.deering@ 123456cgshe.ubc.ca
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10.1177_2055102919897384
                DOI: 10.1177/2055102919897384
                PMC ID: 6971967
                PubMed ID: 32010448
                SO-VID: fb812c26-d5b3-44f1-b47d-9ffd7b7486de
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2020
                License:

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: MacAIDS, ;
                Funded by: Canadian Institutes of Health Research, FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000024;
                Award ID: MOP-133617
                Categories
                Subject: Report of Empirical Study
                Custom metadata
                cover-date January-June 2020
                typesetter ts1

                Keywords: adherence,hiv,self-efficacy,social support,stigma,women’s health
                Data availability:
                Keywords: adherence, hiv, self-efficacy, social support, stigma, women’s health

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