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      Time to treatment and severity of snake envenoming in Brazil Translated title: Tiempo hasta el tratamiento y gravedad del envenenamiento por mordedura de ­serpiente en el Brasil Translated title: Tempo para tratamento e gravidade do envenenamento ofídico no Brasil

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective

          To analyze the relationship between time to treatment and severity of snakebite envenomation in Brazil.

          Methods

          This case-series retrospective study analyzed 144 251 snakebite cases in Brazil between 2007 and 2015, as reported to the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System. The main dependent variable was snakebite envenomation severity (mild/moderate/severe). The main predictor was time to treatment (early (< 6 hours) vs. delayed (≥ 6 hours)). Covariables were snake type ( Bothrops/Crotalus/Micrurus/Lachesis), patient's age and sex, bite site, and treatment at a specialized care center (center/noncenter). Polytomous logistic regression techniques were used to control the covariates and assess confounding and effect modification.

          Results

          The time to treatment variable was strongly associated with the severity of snakebite envenomation. Snake type and treatment at specialized care center modified the main association effect. The association between delayed time to treatment and envenomation severity was consistently stronger among patients treated at specialized care centers than among those who were not treated at such centers. Odds ratios tended to increase significantly from moderate to severe envenomation for cases within the subgroups “Center + Bothrops” (1.37 to 2.05), “No center + Bothrops” (1.25 to 1.47), “Center + Crotalus” (1.35 to 3.03), “No center + Crotalus” (0.97 to 2.72), and “Center + Lachesis” (1.22 to 1.89).

          Discussion

          This study confirmed the classical hypothesis that the time between snakebite and initiation of medical care is associated with severity of snakebite envenomation. It is therefore necessary to provide snakebite victims early access to specialized medical care, particularly to antivenom therapy.

          RESUMEN

          Objetivo

          Analizar la relación entre el tiempo transcurrido hasta el tratamiento y la gravedad del envenenamiento por mordedura de serpiente (ofidismo) en el Brasil.

          Métodos

          En este estudio retrospectivo de una serie de casos se analizaron 144 251 casos de mordedura de serpiente en el Brasil entre el 2007 y el 2015, notificados al Sistema Brasileño de Información sobre Enfermedades de Notificación Obligatoria. La principal variable dependiente fue la gravedad del ofidismo (leve, moderado o grave). El principal factor predictivo fue el tiempo hasta el tratamiento (temprano [menos de 6 horas] o tardío [6 horas o más]). Las covariables fueron el tipo de serpiente ( Bothrops, Crotalus, Micrurus o Lachesis), la edad y el sexo del paciente, la localización de la mor­dedura y el tratamiento en un centro de atención especializada (sí o no). Se usaron técnicas de regresión logística politómica para controlar las covariables y evaluar el fenómeno de confusión y la modificación del efecto.

          Resultados

          La variable de tiempo hasta el tratamiento se asoció estrechamente con la gravedad del ofidismo. El tipo de serpiente y el tratamiento en un centro especia­lizado modificaron el principal efecto de asociación. La asociación entre el tratamiento tardío y la gravedad del ofidismo fue sistemáticamente más estrecha en los pacientes tratados en los centros especializados de atención que entre los no tratados en tales centros. Las razones de posibilidades tendieron a aumentar significativamente del ofidismo moderado al ofidismo grave para los casos en los subgrupos “centro + Bothrops” (1,37 a 2,05), “no tratados en un centro + Bothrops” (1,25 a 1,47), “centro + Crotalus” (1,35 a 3,03), “no tratados en un centro + Crotalus” (0,97 a 2,72) y “centro + Lachesis” (1,22 a 1,89).

          Discusión

          Este estudio confirmó la hipótesis clásica de que el lapso entre la mordedura de serpiente y el inicio de la atención médica se asocia con la gravedad del ofidismo. Por consiguiente, es necesario dar a las víctimas de mordeduras de serpiente acceso temprano a la atención médica especializada, en particular al tratamiento con el antídoto.

          RESUMO

          Objetivo

          Examinar a relação entre tempo para tratamento e gravidade do envenenamento ofídico no Brasil.

          Métodos

          Neste estudo retrospectivo de série de casos foram analisados 144.251 casos de picadas de cobras registrados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Brasil entre 2007 e 2015. A principal variável dependente foi gravidade do envenenamento ofídico (leve/moderado/grave). O principal fator de predição foi tempo para tratamento (rápido <6 horas ou demorado ≥6 horas). As covariáveis foram genêro da serpente ( Bothrops/ Crotalus/ Micrurus/ Lachesis), idade e sexo do paciente, local da picada e tratamento em centro especializado de atendimento (em centro/não em centro). Um modelo de regressão logística politômica foi usado para controlar as covariáveis e avaliar os fatores de confusão e modificadores de efeito.

          Resultados

          A variável tempo para tratamento apresentou marcante associação com gravidade do envenenamento ofídico. O gênero da serpente e o tratamento em centro especializado modificaram o principal efeito da associação. A associação entre demora para o tratamento e gravidade do envenenamento foi consistentemente mais marcante nos casos tratados em centros especializados em comparação aos casos não tratados nestes centros. Os odds ratios tenderam a aumentar significativamente nos casos de envenenamento moderado a grave nos subgrupos “em centro + Bothrops” (1,37 a 2,05), “não em centro + Bothrops” (1,25 a 1,47), “em centro + Crotalus” (1,35 a 3,03), “não em centro + Crotalus” (0,97 a 2,72) e “em centro + Lachesis” (1,22 a 1,89).

          Discussão/Conclusão

          Este estudo confirmou a clássica hipótese de que o tempo decorrido entre a picada de cobra e o início do atendimento médico está associado à gravidade do envenenamento ofídico. Portanto, é necessário prover às vítimas de acidentes ofídicos acesso rápido à atenção médica especializada, sobretudo o acesso ao tratamento com soro antiofídico.

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          Most cited references11

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Confronting the Neglected Problem of Snake Bite Envenoming: The Need for a Global Partnership

          Envenoming resulting from snake bites is an important public health hazard in many regions of the world, yet public health authorities have given little attention to the problem.
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            Older Age and Time to Medical Assistance Are Associated with Severity and Mortality of Snakebites in the Brazilian Amazon: A Case-Control Study

            The Amazon region reports the highest incidence of snakebite envenomings in Brazil. We aimed to describe the epidemiology of snakebites in the state of Amazonas and to investigate factors associated with disease severity and lethality. We used a nested case-control study, in order to identify factors associated with snakebite severity and mortality using official Brazilian reporting systems, from 2007 to 2012. Patients evolving to severity or death were considered cases and those with non-severe bites were included in the control group. During the study period, 9,191 snakebites were recorded, resulting in an incidence rate of 52.8 cases per 100,000 person/years. Snakebites mostly occurred in males (79.0%) and in rural areas (70.2%). The most affected age group was between 16 and 45 years old (54.6%). Fifty five percent of the snakebites were related to work activities. Age ≤15 years [OR=1.26 (95% CI=1.03-1.52); (p=0.018)], age ≥65 years [OR=1.53 (95% CI=1.09-2.13); (p=0.012)], work related bites [OR=1.39 (95% CI=1.17-1.63); (p 6 hours [OR=1.73 (95% CI=1.45-2.07); (p 6 hours [OR=2.01 (95% CI=1.15-3.50); (p=0.013)] were independently associated with the risk of death. Snakebites represent an occupational health problem for rural populations in the Brazilian Amazon with a wide distribution. These results highlight the need for public health strategies aiming to reduce occupational injuries. Most cases of severe disease occurred in the extremes of age, in those with delays in medical attention and those caused by Micrurus bites. These features of victims of snakebite demand adequate management according to well-defined protocols, including prompt referral to tertiary centres when necessary, as well as an effective response from surveillance systems and policy makers for these vulnerable groups.
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              Epidemiology of snakebite in a central region of Brazil.

              The aim of this article is to acquire knowledge about the aspects of snakebite epidemiology in a central region of Brazil. From 1993 to 1995, 90 cases of Crotalinae (Bothrops and Crotalus genera) and two cases of Micrurus snakebite were attended to in a general hospital. Epidemiological information about 73 out of the 90 Crotalinae victims was prospectively collected from interviews with the patients and/or their companions. Data from medical records were obtained for the 17 remaining cases. The snakes of Bothrops, Crotalus, and Micrurus genera were responsible for 74, 24 and 2% of the accidents, respectively. Most of the Crotalinae accidents occurred from October to March (68%) and from 06:00 to 12:00 a.m. (93%). Males (89%) and patients between 20 and 30 years-old (27%) were the most common victims. The main bite sites were: foot (24%), leg (23%), hand (22%) and ankle (21%). Among the 73 interviewed Crotalinae victims, farm workers were bitten more frequently (53%). The accidents often occurred during work (59%), and 90% of the patients wore footwear, but 30% were wearing only sandals. Tourniquet, squeezing, suction of the bite site and magic blessing were attempted in 47, 38, 8 and 10% of cases, respectively.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                Rev. Panam. Salud Publica
                rpsp
                Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
                Organización Panamericana de la Salud
                1020-4989
                1680-5348
                04 May 2018
                2018
                : 42
                : e52
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalFederal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
                Author notes
                Send correspondence to Yukari F. Mise, at yukarimise@ 123456gmail.com

                Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

                Article
                RPSP.2018.52
                10.26633/RPSP.2018.52
                6386102
                31093080
                fc554280-195b-4728-a6ad-6b6a25627cdd

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. No modifications or commercial use of this article are permitted. In any reproduction of this article there should not be any suggestion that PAHO or this article endorse any specific organization or products. The use of the PAHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article's original URL.

                History
                : 25 July 2017
                : 06 October 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 18
                Funding
                Funded by: Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq)
                Award ID: #304563/2014-5
                Funded by: FUNASA/MS (National Health Foundation, Ministry of Health, Brazil)
                Award ID: # 388/2002
                Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq) grant #304563/2014-5 and FUNASA/MS (National Health Foundation, Ministry of Health, Brazil) grant # 388/2002.
                Categories
                Original Research

                snake bites,patient acuity,time to treatment,brazil,mordeduras de serpientes,gravedad del paciente,tiempo de tratamiento,brasil,mordeduras de serpentes,gravidade do paciente,tempo para o tratamento

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