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      Desnutrição, maturação do sistema nervoso central e doenças neuropsiquiátricas Translated title: Malnutrition, central nervous system maturation and neuropsychiatric diseases

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          Abstract

          A nutrição exerce profundo impacto no desenvolvimento das estruturas e funções cerebrais. Além da programação metabólica induzida pela desnutrição fetal com o propósito de aumentar as chances de sobrevivência do feto e na vida pós-natal, estudos apontam a deficiência nutricional pré-natal como fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças neuropsiquiátricas. Este artigo propõe-se a considerar aspectos da desnutrição relacionados ao desenvolvimento cerebral, à extensão temporal e funcional do impacto que a mesma acarreta, assim como estabelecer correlações com doenças neuropsiquiátricas, considerando artigos disponíveis na base de dados Medline de 1962 a 2005. Fatos derivados da desnutrição precoce apontam, em sua maioria, caráter permanente em algum grau, se não imediato, prospectivo e comprometedor da performance bioquímica, fisiológica e comportamental. Apesar dos denominados atrasos no desenvolvimento de parâmetros neurológicos, estes não constituem apenas erros funcionais isolados, uma vez que as inter-relações e conexões ideais são influenciadas, ampliando os erros temporais de ocorrência de eventos. A impressão da marca da desnutrição no código genético, ao aumentar os horizontes dos efeitos da desnutrição em uma perspectiva multigeneracional, amplifica os seus efeitos. Aspectos caracterizados como mecanismos compensatórios se, por um lado, apontam para uma habilidade em se adaptar ao estresse, por outro poderiam ser comprometidos na contingência de estresse adicional de ordem ambiental ou emocional. Considerações a respeito dos efeitos subliminares ou expressivos das doenças neuropsiquiátricas sobre a qualidade de vida consolidam a importância do desenvolvimento de pesquisas que se dirijam à compreensão dos impactos e mecanismos que modulam os efeitos da desnutrição sobre o neurodesenvolvimento.

          Translated abstract

          Nutrition has a profound impact on the development of cerebral structures and functions. Over and above the metabolic programming induced by fetal malnutrition in order to increase the chances of survival of the fetus in post-natal life, studies point to pre-natal nutritional deficiency as a risk factor for the development of neuropsychiatric diseases. The present review aims to consider aspects of malnutrition in relation to cerebral development, the temporal and functional extension of its impact, as well as establishing correlations with neuropsychiatric diseases, considering articles of periodicals enlisted by Medline from 1962 to 2005. Events arising from early malnutrition display, for the most part, a permanent character to some degree, if not immediate, prospective and compromising of biochemical, physiological and behavioral performance. Despite the apparent delays in the development of neurological parameters, these do not represent mere isolated functional errors, as the ideal inter-relations and connections are influenced, extending the temporal errors of the occurrence of events. The impression of the mark of malnutrition at the level of the genetic code, in extending the horizon of the effects of malnutrition to a multigenerational level, amplifies its effects. Aspects characterized as compensatory mechanisms, while, on the one hand they display an ability to adapt to severe early stress, on the other they may be compromised in the eventuality of additional environmental or emotional stress. Concern with regard to the subliminal or expressive effects of neuropsychiatric diseases on the quality of life consolidate the importance of the development of research aimed at understanding and elucidating the impacts and mechanisms that modulate the effects of malnutrition on neurodevelopment.

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          Most cited references102

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          Nutrition and the immune system: an introduction.

          R Chandra (1997)
          Nutrition is a critical determinant of immune responses and malnutrition the most common cause of immunodeficiency worldwide. Protein-energy malnutrition is associated with a significant impairment of cell-mediated immunity, phagocyte function, complement system, secretory immunoglobulin A antibody concentrations, and cytokine production. Deficiency of single nutrients also results in altered immune responses: this is observed even when the deficiency state is relatively mild. Of the micronutrients, zinc; selenium; iron; copper; vitamins A, C, E, and B-6; and folic acid have important influences on immune responses. Overnutrition and obesity also reduce immunity. Low-birth-weight infants have a prolonged impairment of cell-mediated immunity that can be partly restored by providing extra amounts of dietary zinc. In the elderly, impaired immunity can be enhanced by modest amounts of a combination of micronutrients. These findings have considerable practical and public health significance.
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            GABAergic Mechanisms in Epilepsy

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              A transição nutricional no Brasil: tendências regionais e temporais

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rn
                Revista de Nutrição
                Rev. Nutr.
                Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (Campinas )
                1678-9865
                April 2009
                : 22
                : 2
                : 271-281
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                Article
                S1415-52732009000200009
                10.1590/S1415-52732009000200009
                fc8f76ea-15cd-45c1-8ffc-e0bfbb4e6054

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1415-5273&lng=en
                Categories
                NUTRITION & DIETETICS

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                Malnutrition,Biological psychiatry,Central nervous system,Desnutrição,Psiquiatria biológica,Sistema nervoso central

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