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      Tetranortriterpenes and Limonoids from the Roots of Aphanamixis polystachya

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          Abstract

          Phytochemical investigation of the acetone extract from the roots of Aphanamixis polystachya resulted in isolation of four new tetranortriterpenes ( 1– 4) in addition to one protolimonoid (methyl-1ξ,7 R-diacetoxy-23 R,25-dihydroxy-20 S,24 R-21,24-epoxy-3,4-seco-apotirucall-4(28),14(15)-diene-3-oate ( 5)), five known limonoids (rohituka 3 ( 6), rohituka 7 ( 7), nymania 1 ( 8), rubrin G ( 9), prieurianin ( 10)) and a steroid (2,3-dihydroxy-5-pregnan-16-one ( 11)). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses, including 2D-NMR (COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS). Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities of these compounds were evaluated. Compounds 4 and 5 showed significant inhibition against superoxide generation and elastase release by human neutrophils in response to (formyl- l-methionyl- l-leucyl- l-phenylalanine/cytochalasin B) (FMLP/CB).

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          Propofol inhibits superoxide production, elastase release, and chemotaxis in formyl peptide-activated human neutrophils by blocking formyl peptide receptor 1.

          Yen-Shou Kuo, Chiung-Yin Huang, Hon-Man Chan … (2013)
          Neutrophils play a critical role in acute and chronic inflammatory processes, including myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, sepsis, and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Binding of formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) by N-formyl peptides can activate neutrophils and may represent a new therapeutic target in either sterile or septic inflammation. Propofol, a widely used i.v. anesthetic, has been shown to modulate immunoinflammatory responses. However, the mechanism of propofol remains to be established. In this study, we showed that propofol significantly reduced superoxide generation, elastase release, and chemotaxis in human neutrophils activated by fMLF. Propofol did not alter superoxide generation or elastase release in a cell-free system. Neither inhibitors of γ-aminobutyric acid receptors nor an inhibitor of protein kinase A reversed the inhibitory effects of propofol. In addition, propofol showed less inhibitory effects in non-FPR1-induced cell responses. The signaling pathways downstream from FPR1, involving calcium, AKT, and ERK1/2, were also competitively inhibited by propofol. These results show that propofol selectively and competitively inhibits the FPR1-induced human neutrophil activation. Consistent with the hypothesis, propofol inhibited the binding of N-formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys-fluorescein, a fluorescent analog of fMLF, to FPR1 in human neutrophils, differentiated THP-1 cells, and FPR1-transfected human embryonic kidney-293 cells. To our knowledge, our results identify, for the first time, a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of propofol by competitively blocking FPR1 in human neutrophils. Considering the importance of N-formyl peptides in inflammatory processes, our data indicate that propofol may have therapeutic potential to attenuate neutrophil-mediated inflammatory diseases by blocking FPR1.
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            Meliaceous limonoids: chemistry and biological activities.

            Dong Luo, Gang Tan (2011)
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              Nonconventional insecticidal effects of pesticides available from the Neem tree,Azadirachta indica

              K. Ascher (1993)
              Article 0 comments Cited 25 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Efstathia Ioannou: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 02 September 2016
                Publication date Collection: September 2016
                Volume: 21
                Issue: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1167
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 33, Linsen S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei 10050, Taiwan; r00423014@ 123456ntu.edu.tw (C.-J.L.); d96423006@ 123456ntu.edu.tw (I.-W.L.)
                [2 ]Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan; z10108042@ 123456email.ncku.edu.tw
                [3 ]Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, No. 53, Nanhai Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei 10066, Taiwan; sychen@ 123456tfri.gov.tw (S.-Y.C.); chien@ 123456tfri.gov.tw (C.-T.C.)
                [4 ]National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No. 155-1, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; kuoyh@ 123456nricm.edu.tw
                [5 ]Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Medicine, College of Medicine, and Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; htl@ 123456mail.cgu.edu.tw
                [6 ]Department of Cosmetic Science and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
                [7 ]Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, No. 20, Weixin Rd., Yanpu Township, Pingtung 90741, Taiwan; ssliou@ 123456tajen.edu.tw
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: ycshen@ 123456ntu.edu.tw ; Tel.: +886-2-3366-8774
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-21-01167
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091167
                PMC ID: 6273735
                PubMed ID: 27598114
                SO-VID: fd085053-114d-4135-a7d0-a6d56ae93422
                Copyright © © 2016 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 22 June 2016
                Date accepted : 26 August 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: aphanamixis polystachya,apotirucallane-type triterpenoid,limonoid,cytotoxicity,anti-inflammatory activity
                Data availability:
                Keywords: aphanamixis polystachya, apotirucallane-type triterpenoid, limonoid, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory activity

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