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      Diagnóstico molecular indirecto en estudio de familias con hemofilia en Pinar del Río Translated title: Indirect molecular diagnosis in a study of families with hemophilia in Pinar del Río

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: la hemofilia es una enfermedad hereditaria que se transmite con un patrón recesivo ligado al cromosoma X. Su expresión clínica está dada por el déficit o la ausencia de actividad de factores de la coagulación (factor VIII para la Hemofilia A y factor IX para la Hemofilia B) Se caracteriza por una marcada heterogeneidad genética, lo que hace complejo su diagnóstico por métodos moleculares directos. En Cuba, se dispone de estudios indirectos por técnica de ligamiento para la caracterización de familias que conviven con hemofilia. Objetivo: describir los resultados de estudios moleculares indirectos en familias con antecedentes de hemofilia en Pinar del Río. Métodos: se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva y transversal en el universo de nueve familias que agrupan 10 pacientes en edad pediátrica con diagnóstico de hemofilia en Pinar del Río. La muestra se conformó con cinco familias, cuatro con hemofilia A y una con hemofilia B, a las que se realizó estudio molecular indirecto para diagnóstico de portadoras y diagnóstico prenatal. Resultados: las cinco familias resultaron informativas para los marcadores disponibles. Se identificaron nueve mujeres portadoras y se realizó diagnóstico prenatal de cuatro fetos, de ellos dos enfermos, uno sano y el otro pendiente de resultado. El marcador St14 resultó el más informativo para hemofilia A. Conclusiones: la posibilidad de estudio molecular indirecto contribuye al diagnóstico, asesoramiento y manejo del riesgo de recurrencia de la hemofilia en cada genealogía de manera particular y se presenta como alternativa útil, aunque elemental, para la caracterización genotípica de las familias afectadas.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: hemophilia is a hereditary disease transmitted with an X-linked recessive pattern. Its clinical expression is given by the deficit or absence of coagulation factor activity (factor VIII for Hemophilia A and factor IX for Hemophilia B). It is characterized by a marked genetic heterogeneity, which makes its diagnosis by direct molecular methods complex. In Cuba, indirect studies by linkage technique are available for the characterization of families living with hemophilia. Objective: to describe the results of indirect molecular studies in families with a history of hemophilia in Pinar del Río. Methods: an observational, descriptive and transversal research was carried out in the universe of nine families grouping 10 pediatric patients with a diagnosis of hemophilia in Pinar del Río. The sample consisted of five families, four with hemophilia A and one with hemophilia B, which underwent an indirect molecular study for the diagnosis of carriers and prenatal diagnosis. Results: the five families were informative for the available markers. Nine carrier women were identified and prenatal diagnosis was performed in four fetuses, two of which were diseased, one healthy and the other pending results. The St14 marker proved to be the most informative for hemophilia A. Conclusions: the possibility of indirect molecular study contributes to the diagnosis, counseling and management of the risk of recurrence of hemophilia in each genealogy in a particular way and is presented as a useful, although elementary, alternative for the genotypic characterization of affected families.

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          The cost of severe haemophilia in Europe: the CHESS study

          Background Severe haemophilia is associated with major psychological and economic burden for patients, caregivers, and the wider health care system. This burden has been quantified and documented for a number of European countries in recent years. However, few studies have taken a standardised methodology across multiple countries simultaneously, and sought to amalgamate all three levels of burden for severe disease. The overall aim of the ‘Cost of Haemophilia in Europe: a Socioeconomic Survey’ (CHESS) study was to capture the annualised economic and psychosocial burden of severe haemophilia in five European countries. A cross-section of haemophilia specialists (surveyed between January and April 2015) provided demographic and clinical information and 12-month ambulatory and secondary care activity for patients via an online survey. In turn, patients provided corresponding direct and indirect non-medical cost information, including work loss and out-of-pocket expenses, as well as information on quality of life and adherence. The direct and indirect costs for the patient sample were calculated and extrapolated to population level. Results Clinical reports for a total of 1,285 patients were received. Five hundred and fifty-two patients (43% of the sample) provided information on indirect costs and health-related quality of life via the PSC. The total annual cost of severe haemophilia across the five countries for 2014 was estimated at EUR 1.4 billion, or just under EUR 200,000 per patient. The highest per-patient costs were in Germany (mean EUR 319,024) and the lowest were in the United Kingdom (mean EUR 129,365), with a study average of EUR 199,541. As expected, consumption of clotting factor replacement therapy represented the vast majority of costs (up to 99%). Indirect costs are driven by patient and caregiver work loss. Conclusions The results of the CHESS study reflect previous research findings suggesting that costs of factor replacement therapy account for the vast majority of the cost burden in severe haemophilia. However, the importance of the indirect impact of haemophilia on the patient and family should not be overlooked. The CHESS study highlights the benefits of observational study methodologies in capturing a ‘snapshot’ of information for patients with rare diseases.
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            A new hemophilia carrier nomenclature to define hemophilia in women and girls: Communication from the SSC of the ISTH

            Hemophilia A and B predominantly attracts clinical attention in males due to X‐linked inheritance, introducing a bias toward female carriers to be asymptomatic. This common misconception is contradicted by an increasing body of evidence with consistent reporting on an increased bleeding tendency in hemophilia carriers (HCs), including those with normal factor VIII/IX (FVIII/IX) levels. The term HC can hamper diagnosis, clinical care, and research. Therefore, a new nomenclature has been defined based on an open iterative process involving hemophilia experts, patients, and the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) community. The resulting nomenclature accounts for personal bleeding history and baseline plasma FVIII/IX level. It distinguishes five clinically relevant HC categories: women/girls with mild, moderate, or severe hemophilia (FVIII/IX >0.05 and <0.40 IU/ml, 0.01–0.05 IU/ml, and <0.01 IU/ml, respectively), symptomatic and asymptomatic HC (FVIII/IX ≥0.40 IU/ml with and without a bleeding phenotype, respectively). This new nomenclature is aimed at improving diagnosis and management and applying uniform terminologies for clinical research.
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              Haemophilia, state of the art and new therapeutic opportunities, a regulatory perspective

              Haemophilia A and B are rare bleeding disorders. Over the past decades, they have been transformed from debilitating diseases to manageable conditions in the Western world. However, optimizing haemophilia care remains challenging in developing countries. Several challenges and unmet needs remain in the treatment of the haemophilia limiting the QoL of patients. These challenges are now being addressed by extended half‐life recombinant factors, rebalancing and substitution therapies. Gene therapy and genome editing show promise for a definite clinical cure. Here, we provide an overview of new therapeutic opportunities for haemophilia and their advances and limitations from a regulatory perspective. The database on human medicines from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) was used and data from rare disease (orphan) designations and EPARs were retrieved for the analysis. Clinical trial databases were used to query all active studies on haemophilia. Gene therapy medicinal products based on AAV and lentiviral vectors are in development and clinical trials have reported substantial success in ameliorating bleeding tendency in haemophilia patients. The prospect of gene editing for correction of the underlying mutation is on the horizon and has considerable potential. With regard to the benefit of the gene therapy medicinal products, more long‐term efficacy and safety data are awaited. We are entering an era of innovation and abundance in treatment options for those affected by bleeding disorders, but issues remain about the affordability and accessibility to patients.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpr
                Revista de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río
                Rev Ciencias Médicas
                Editorial Ciencias Médicas (Pinar del Río, , Cuba )
                1561-3194
                August 2022
                : 26
                : 4
                : e5604
                Affiliations
                [1] Pinar del Río orgnameUniversidad de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río. orgdiv1Hospital Pediátrico Provincial Docente Pepe Portilla Cuba
                Article
                S1561-31942022000400016 S1561-3194(22)02600400016
                fdea3602-5acf-4c6d-906b-8def44878639

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 March 2022
                : 22 April 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 15, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Categories
                COMUNICACIÓN BREVE

                MARCADORES POLIMÓRFICOS,CRYSTALLIZATION,MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC,HEMOPHILIA,DIAGNÓSTICO MOLECULAR,HEMOFILIA

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