Effects of Extraoral Suction on Droplets and Aerosols for Infection Control Practices

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Abstract

Dental professionals are at increased risk of being infected with airborne pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 because they are often exposed to droplets/aerosols production during dental treatment. To scientifically clear the effects of extraoral and oral suctions on the droplets and aerosols produced by dental treatments using an ultrasonic scaler was analyzed. The adenosine triphosphate and bacteria in droplets and aerosols produced during simulated scaling were quantitatively observed by reactions with luciferin/luciferase and incubation in culture plates to grow bacteria, respectively. The protection against spreading droplets and aerosols by oral and extraoral suctions was recognized, and the areas were limited to the left and posterior sides of the dental chair head when a right-handed dentist and dental hygienist performed scaling. Extraoral suction is a very useful tool for reducing the infection risk of COVID-19 in dental care, but the effective area is limited depending on physical characteristics of dentist and dental hygienist.

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A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

Peng Zhou, Xing-Lou Yang, Xian-Guang Wang … (2020)

Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 18 years ago, a large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) have been discovered in their natural reservoir host, bats 1–4 . Previous studies have shown that some bat SARSr-CoVs have the potential to infect humans 5–7 . Here we report the identification and characterization of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans in Wuhan, China. The epidemic, which started on 12 December 2019, had caused 2,794 laboratory-confirmed infections including 80 deaths by 26 January 2020. Full-length genome sequences were obtained from five patients at an early stage of the outbreak. The sequences are almost identical and share 79.6% sequence identity to SARS-CoV. Furthermore, we show that 2019-nCoV is 96% identical at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus. Pairwise protein sequence analysis of seven conserved non-structural proteins domains show that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV. In addition, 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a critically ill patient could be neutralized by sera from several patients. Notably, we confirmed that 2019-nCoV uses the same cell entry receptor—angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2)—as SARS-CoV.

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A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China

Fan Wu, Su Zhao, Bin Yu … (2020)

Emerging infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Zika virus disease, present a major threat to public health 1–3 . Despite intense research efforts, how, when and where new diseases appear are still a source of considerable uncertainty. A severe respiratory disease was recently reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. As of 25 January 2020, at least 1,975 cases had been reported since the first patient was hospitalized on 12 December 2019. Epidemiological investigations have suggested that the outbreak was associated with a seafood market in Wuhan. Here we study a single patient who was a worker at the market and who was admitted to the Central Hospital of Wuhan on 26 December 2019 while experiencing a severe respiratory syndrome that included fever, dizziness and a cough. Metagenomic RNA sequencing 4 of a sample of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the patient identified a new RNA virus strain from the family Coronaviridae, which is designated here ‘WH-Human 1’ coronavirus (and has also been referred to as ‘2019-nCoV’). Phylogenetic analysis of the complete viral genome (29,903 nucleotides) revealed that the virus was most closely related (89.1% nucleotide similarity) to a group of SARS-like coronaviruses (genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Sarbecovirus) that had previously been found in bats in China 5 . This outbreak highlights the ongoing ability of viral spill-over from animals to cause severe disease in humans.

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Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents

G Kampf, D Todt, S. Pfaender … (2020)

Summary Currently, the emergence of a novel human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has become a global health concern causing severe respiratory tract infections in humans. Human-to-human transmissions have been described with incubation times between 2-10 days, facilitating its spread via droplets, contaminated hands or surfaces. We therefore reviewed the literature on all available information about the persistence of human and veterinary coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces as well as inactivation strategies with biocidal agents used for chemical disinfection, e.g. in healthcare facilities. The analysis of 22 studies reveals that human coronaviruses such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus or endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) can persist on inanimate surfaces like metal, glass or plastic for up to 9 days, but can be efficiently inactivated by surface disinfection procedures with 62–71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite within 1 minute. Other biocidal agents such as 0.05–0.2% benzalkonium chloride or 0.02% chlorhexidine digluconate are less effective. As no specific therapies are available for SARS-CoV-2, early containment and prevention of further spread will be crucial to stop the ongoing outbreak and to control this novel infectious thread.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Claude Jaquiéry: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Dent J (Basel)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Dent J (Basel)

Journal ID (publisher-id): dentistry

Title: Dentistry Journal

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2304-6767

Publication date (Electronic): 07 July 2021

Publication date Collection: July 2021

Volume: 9

Issue: 7

Electronic Location Identifier: 80

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; suzuki.itaru@ 123456nihon-u.ac.jp

[2 ]Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan

[3 ]Department of Laboratory Medicine for Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan; fukumoto.masahiko@ 123456nihon-u.ac.jp

[4 ]Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan; uchiyama.toshikazu@ 123456nihon-u.ac.jp

[5 ]Department of Community Oral Health, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan; taguchi.chieko@ 123456nihon-u.ac.jp (C.T.); arikawa.kazumune@ 123456nihon-u.ac.jp (K.A.)

[6 ]Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: senpuku.hidenobu@ 123456nihon-u.ac.jp ; Tel.: +81-47-360-9336; Fax: +81-47-360-6295

Article

Publisher ID: dentistry-09-00080

DOI: 10.3390/dj9070080

PMC ID: 8303766

SO-VID: fe2dafab-bc51-4c56-ab97-b9c875f9c8bc

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Effects of Extraoral Suction on Droplets and Aerosols for Infection Control Practices

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Abstract

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 26

A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China

Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents

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