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      Incidence and prevalence rates of diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia: An overview

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          Abstract

          Objective: This study aimed to report on the trends in incidence and prevalence rates of diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia over the last 25 years (1990–2015).

          Design: A descriptive review.

          Methods: A systematic search was conducted for English-language, peer reviewed publications of any research design via Medline, EBSCO, PubMed and Scopus from 1990 to 2015. Of 106 articles retrieved, after removal of duplicates and quality appraisal, 8 studies were included in the review and synthesised based on study characteristics, design and findings.

          Findings: Studies originated from Saudi Arabia and applied a variety of research designs and tools to diagnosis diabetes. Of the 8 included studies; three reported type 1 diabetes and five on type 2 diabetes. Overall, findings indicated that the incidence and prevalence rate of diabetes is rising particularly among females, older children/adolescent and in urban areas.

          Conclusion: Further development are required to assess the health intervention, polices, guidelines, self-management programs in Saudi Arabia.

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          Diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia.

          Mansour Al-Nozha, Mohammed Al-Maatouq, Yaqoub Y. Al-Mazrou … (2004)
          Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major public health problem worldwide, and it is a known risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). New recommendations for the diagnosis of diabetes have changed the epidemiology of DM. Therefore, we designed this study with the objective to determine the prevalence of DM among Saudis of both sexes, between the ages of 30-70-years in rural as well as urban communities. This work is part of a major national project: Coronary Artery Disease in Saudis study (CADISS) that is designed to look at CAD and its risk factors in Saudi population. This study is a community-based national epidemiological health survey, conducted by examining Saudi subjects in the age group of 30-70-years of selected households over a 5-year period between 1995 and 2000. Data were obtained from history, fasting plasma glucose levels, and body mass index. The data were analyzed to classify individuals as diabetic, impaired fasting glucose and normal, using 1997 American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria, which was adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1998, to provide prevalence of DM in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A total of 17232 Saudi subjects were selected in the study, and 16917 participated (98.2% response rate). Four thousand and four subjects (23.7%), out of 16917 were diagnosed to have DM. Thus, the overall prevalence of DM obtained from this study is 23.7% in KSA. The prevalence in males and females were 26.2% and 21.5% (p<0.00001). The calculated age-adjusted prevalence for Saudi population for the year 2000 is 21.9%. Diabetes mellitus was more prevalent among Saudis living in urban areas of 25.5% compared to rural Saudis of 19.5% (p<0.00001). Despite the readily available access to healthcare facilities in KSA, a large number of diabetics 1116 (27.9%) were unaware of having DM. The overall prevalence of DM in adults in KSA is 23.7%. A national prevention program at community level targeting high risk groups should be implemented sooner to prevent DM. We further recommend a longitudinal study to demonstrate the importance of modifying risk factors for the development of DM and reducing its prevalence in KSA.
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            Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community

            Khalid A. Alqurashi, Khalid S. Aljabri, Samia A. Bokhari (2011)
            BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Quantifying the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is important to allow for rational planning and allocation of resources. Therefore, we designed this study to determine the prevalence of diabetes among Saudi nationals. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study among patients attending a primary care clinic in June 2009. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were interviewed with structured questionnaires to determine the presence of diabetes by questioning for history of the disease, and charts were reviewed to document any diabetic therapies that the patients may have undergone in the past or were undergoing at that time. RESULTS: Of 6024 subjects, diabetes mellitus was present in 1792 (30%) patients. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 55.3 (13.2) years. The prevalence of diabetes was 34.1% in males and 27.6% in females (P<.0001). The mean (SD) age for onset of diabetes in males and females was 57.5 (13.1) and 53.4 (13.1) years, respectively (P<.0001). Females <50 years old had a higher prevalence than males in the corresponding age range—34.1% and 25.1%, respectively (P<.0001). The prevalence of diabetes decreased in patients older than 70 years. The prevalence of body mass index of ≥25 was 72.5%. Among patients with diabetes, the prevalence of body mass index of ≥25 was 85.7% (P<.0001). There was a higher prevalence of obesity (body mass index, ≥25) in females (87.7%) as compared to males (83.1%) (P=.008). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of diabetes is high among the Saudi population and represents a major clinical and public health problem. A national prevention program to prevent diabetes and address the modifiable risk factors at the community level, targeting high-risk groups, should be implemented soon.
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              Diabetes mellitus type 2 and other chronic non-communicable diseases in the central region, Saudi Arabia (riyadh cohort 2): a decade of an epidemic

              Nasser Al-Daghri, Omar S. Al-Attas, Majed S. Alokail … (2011)
              Background Follow-up epidemiologic studies are needed to assess trends and patterns of disease spread. No follow-up epidemiologic study has been done in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to assess the current prevalence of major chronic, noncommunicable diseases, specifically in the urban region, where modifiable risk factors remain rampant. This study aims to fill this gap. Methods A total of 9,149 adult Saudis ages seven to eighty years (5,357 males (58.6%) and 3,792 females (41.4%)) were randomly selected from the Riyadh Cohort Study for inclusion. Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2) and obesity were based on the World Health Organization definitions. Diagnoses of hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) were based on the Seventh Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure and American Heart Association criteria, respectively. Results The overall crude prevalence of DMT2 was 23.1% (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 20.47 to 22.15). The age-adjusted prevalence of DMT2 was 31.6%. DMT2 prevalence was significantly higher in males, with an overall age-adjusted prevalence of 34.7% (95% CI 32.6 to 35.4), than in females, who had an overall age-adjusted prevalence of 28.6% (95% CI 26.7 to 29.3) (P < 0.001). The overall crude prevalence of obesity was 31.1% (95% CI 30.1 to 32.0). The age-adjusted prevalence of obesity was 40.0%. The prevalence of obesity was higher in females, with an overall prevalence of 36.5% (95% CI 35.1 to 37.83), than in males (25.1% (95% CI 23.7 to 26.3)) (P < 0.001). The age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension and CAD were 32.6% (95% CI 31.7 to 33.6) and 6.9% (95% CI 6.4 to 7.4), respectively. Conclusion Comparisons of our findings with earlier data show that the prevalence of DMT2, hypertension and CAD in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, has alarmingly worsened. Aggressive promotion of public awareness, continued screening and early intervention are pivotal to boosting a positive response.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Abdulellah Alotaibi
                Lin Perry
                Leila Gholizadeh
                Ali Al-Ganmi
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Epidemiol Glob Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Epidemiol Glob Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JEGH
                Title: Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health
                Publisher: Atlantis Press
                ISSN (Print): 2210-6006
                ISSN (Electronic): 2210-6014
                Publication date (Print): 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 07 October 2017
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 211-218
                Affiliations
                [a ]Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
                [b ]Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia
                [c ]South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Australia
                [d ]Faculty of Health, University of Baghdad, Iraq
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding author at: Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia.
                Article
                Publisher ID: JEGH-7-4-211
                DOI: 10.1016/j.jegh.2017.10.001
                PMC ID: 7384574
                PubMed ID: 29110860
                SO-VID: ffff6f56-ac23-4e12-835c-b3302fe6361b
                Copyright © © 2017 Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 20 May 2017
                Date revision received : 26 July 2017
                Date accepted : 2 October 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: diabetes mellitus,prevalence,incidence,saudi arabia
                Data availability:
                Keywords: diabetes mellitus, prevalence, incidence, saudi arabia

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