This article addresses the political and military relationship between the Soviet Union and Angola between 1961 and 1991. It examines some of the problems between the two countries and is based on newly available archival material and interviews. Soviet policy towards Southern Africa and Angola has been the subject of a lot of academic research in the West, especially during the ‘Cold War’, yet many aspects remain controversial and contested.
Adamishin A. . Beloye solntse Angoly (in Russian) (A White Sun of Angola) . Moscow :
Bridgland F. . 1990. . The War for Africa: Twelve Months that Transformed a Continent . , Gibraltar : : Ashanti Publishing House. .
Brutents K. . 1998. . Tridtsat let na Staroi ploshchadi (in Russian) (Thirty Years on the Old Square) . , Moscow : : Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenia. .
Crocker C. . 1993. . High Noon in Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Rough Neighborhood . , Johannesburg : : Jonathan Ball Publishers. .
Ellis S and Sechaba T. . 1992. . Comrades against Apartheid: the ANC and the South African Communist Party in Exile . , Oxford : : J. Currey. .
Evsyukov P. . 1993. . ‘Memoirs’ .
‘Jeronimo’. . 1987–1988. . ‘A Diary’ .
Kornienko G. . 1995. . Holodnaya voina: Svidet‐elstvo eyo uchastnika (Cold War: Testimony of a Participant) . , Moscow : : Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. .
Rossiya (SSSR) v lokalnyh voinah i voennuh konfliktah vtoroi poloviny XX veka. . 2000. . Russia (USSR) in Local Wars and Military Conflicts ofthe Second Half of the 20th Century . , Moscow : : Kuchkovo Pole and Poligrafresursy. .
Kurochkin K. . Osnovnye napravlenia i resultatydeyatelnostisovetskogovoennogoapparata v NRA v 1982–1985 gg. (in Russian) (Main Directions and Results of the Activities of the Soviet Military Apparatus in the PRA in 1982–1985). In: . Presentation at the conference ‘40 years of the Armed Struggle of the Angolan People for National Independence and Soviet‐Angolan Military Co‐operation’; . March 29– ; , Moscow .
_____. . Vystuplenie E.P. Posla Angoly v Rossiiskoi Federatsii g‐na Roberty Leala Ramusha Monteiru ‘Ngongo’ na konferentsii ‘40 let vooruzhennoi borby angolskogo naroda za natsionalnuyu nezavisimost i sovetsko‐angolskoe voennoe sotrudnichestvo’. In: . Presentation by Angola's Ambassador to the Russian Federation at the conference ‘40 years of the Armed Struggle of the Angolan People for National Independence and Soviet‐Angolan Military Co‐operation’; . March 29– ; , Moscow . .
l970. . Pravda . , 7 July;
Russian State Archive of Modern History (RSAMH). . 19 July, 1950. 1950 . Collection 89, inventory 38, file 22. Extract from the Minutes of the Politbureau of the AUCP (b) Central Committee . 19 July, 1950. ,
_____. . 28 November. 1961 . Collection 4, inventory 38, file 1017. Decisions taken by the instruction of the Secretaries of the CPSU Central Committee without recording in the minutes,1 478 . 28 November. ,
_____. . 17 December. 1973 . Collection 89, inventory 38, file 40. The report of the Head of the CPSU CC International Department B.N. Ponomarev on expenditures of the International Trade Union Fund for Assistance to Left Workers’ Organisations . 17 December. ,
Sellstrom T. . 1999. . Liberation in Southern Africa ‐ Regional and Swedish Voices: Interviews from Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, the Frontline and Sweden . , Uppsala : : Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. .
Shubin V. . 21 January. 1973 . Notes from the meeting with the MPLA delegation headed by A. Neto . 21 January. , Moscow :
_____. . 30 December. 1974 . Notes from the meeting with the MPLA delegation headed by H. Carreira . 30 December. , Moscow :
_____. . October. 1976 . Notes from the meeting with S. Nujoma . October. ,
Tokarev A. . 2001. . ‘Komandirovka v Angolu’ (Mission to Angola). . Aziya i Afrika segodnya (Asia and Africa Today) . , : 36––41. .
Zegeye A, Dixon T T and Liebenberg I. . 1999. . ‘Images; the Seesaw Haunting keeps Killing the Living’. . Social Identities . , Vol. 5((4))