Is there a relationship between Bullying and PTSD among Nurses

Today in this highly competitive world organisations demand a lot from their employees. This is not different for healthcare industries. In hospitals, nurses undergo tremendous pressures in order to ensure their patients are looked after well. But it is commonly known in the industry that nursing is one of the hardest jobs to do. This is not only because of the stresses they are put under but also due to the pressure and abuse nurse get from their peers as well as management.Even though bullying exists in almost every organisation, it can be a cause for concern in the healthcare sector. This is because bullying will cause unnecessary stresses on nurses. Which, in turn, will result in errors. Some might be minuscule errors while some can result in fatalities. Therefore psychological well-being among nurses is a must. The stresses of bullying can be caused by being bullied or simply by observing bullying.The aim of this study is to understand the effects of bullying and to find out how it contributes to PTSD. The researcher has identified two main aspects of bullying which will cause PTSD among nurses. Using a survey the researcher has collected data from a private hospital in Colombo in order to determine the effects of bullying and witnessing bullying.The findings of this study will help the healthcare professionals to understand the effects of bullying and what effect it causes in nurses. Further, it will help relevant decisionmakers to take right decisions in order to prevent bullying and ensure the perfect working condition to its staff.

Content

Author and article information

Journal

Title: ScienceOpen Preprints

Publisher: ScienceOpen

Publication date (Electronic preprint): 18 May 2022

Affiliations

[1 ] School of Psychological, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Conventry University, Priory St, Coventry CV1 5FB, United Kingdom

Author notes

[* ]Email: nedsamaranayake@ 123456gmail.com .

Author information

Devika Samaranayake https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4710-3974

Article

DOI: 10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-.PPFFQYA.v1

SO-VID: 94c1fc62-5921-4502-a3b8-49480d97e45c

License:

This work has been published open access under Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0 , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Conditions, terms of use and publishing policy can be found at www.scienceopen.com .

History

Date received : 18 May 2022

Data availability: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Life sciences

Keywords: PTSD,Psychology,Healthcare,Bullying,Behavioural Sciences,Health Sciences,Nurses

References

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Leymann Heinz. The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. Vol. 5(2):165–184. 1996. Informa UK Limited. [Cross Ref]
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McKenna Brian G., Smith Naumai A., Poole Suzette J., Coverdale John H.. Horizontal violence: experiences of Registered Nurses in their first year of practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Vol. 42(1):90–96. 2003. Wiley. [Cross Ref]
Mealer Meredith, Jones Jacqueline, Moss Marc. A qualitative study of resilience and posttraumatic stress disorder in United States ICU nurses. Intensive Care Medicine. Vol. 38(9):1445–1451. 2012. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. [Cross Ref]
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Quine Lyn. Workplace Bullying in Nurses. Journal of Health Psychology. Vol. 6(1):73–84. 2001. SAGE Publications. [Cross Ref]
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Randle Jacqueline. Bullying in the nursing profession. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Vol. 43(4):395–401. 2003. Wiley. [Cross Ref]
Rayner Charlotte, Keashly Loraleigh. Bullying at Work: A Perspective From Britain and North America.Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets. p. 271–296. American Psychological Association. [Cross Ref]
MICHELLE ROWE M., SHERLOCK HOLLY. Stress and verbal abuse in nursing: do burned out nurses eat their young? Journal of Nursing Management. Vol. 13(3):242–248. 2005. Wiley. [Cross Ref]
Rutherford Alison, Rissel Chris. A survey of workplace bullying in a health sector organisation. Australian Health Review. Vol. 28(1)2004. CSIRO Publishing. [Cross Ref]
Speedy Sandra. Workplace violence: The dark side of organisational life. Contemporary Nurse. Vol. 21(2):239–250. 2006. Informa UK Limited. [Cross Ref]
When a Patient Is Behaving BadlyEvidence-Based Medical Ethics. p. 53–58. 2008. Humana Press. [Cross Ref]
Vartia Maarit. The sources of bullying–psychological work environment and organizational climate. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. Vol. 5(2):203–214. 1996. Informa UK Limited. [Cross Ref]
Yildirim Aytolan, Yildirim Dilek. Mobbing in the workplace by peers and managers: mobbing experienced by nurses working in healthcare facilities in Turkey and its effect on nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing. Vol. 16(8):1444–1453. 2007. Wiley. [Cross Ref]
Zapf Dieter, Einarsen Ståle. Mobbing at Work: Escalated Conflicts in Organizations.Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets. p. 237–270. American Psychological Association. [Cross Ref]
Milne David. People Can Learn Markers On Road to Resilience. Psychiatric News. Vol. 42(2)2007. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. [Cross Ref]
Charney Dennis S.. Psychobiological Mechanisms of Resilience and Vulnerability: Implications for Successful Adaptation to Extreme Stress. American Journal of Psychiatry. Vol. 161(2):195–216. 2004. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. [Cross Ref]

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). 2000. American Psychiatric Association. [Cross Ref]

[2] Bremner J. Douglas. Traumatic Stress from a Multiple-Levels-of-Analysis PerspectiveDevelopmental Psychopathology. p. 656–676. 2015. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [Cross Ref]

[3] Einarsen St√•le, gemz√∏e mikkelsen Eva. Individual effects of exposure to bullying at workBullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace. p. 127–144. 2002. CRC Press. [Cross Ref]

[4] Farrell Gerald A., Bobrowski Christina, Bobrowski Peter. Scoping workplace aggression in nursing: findings from an Australian study. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Vol. 55(6):778–787. 2006. Wiley. [Cross Ref]

[5] Griffin Martha. Teaching Cognitive Rehearsal as a Shield for Lateral Violence: An Intervention for Newly Licensed Nurses. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. Vol. 35(6):257–263. 2004. SLACK, Inc. [Cross Ref]

[6] Hoel Helge, Beale David. Workplace Bullying, Psychological Perspectives and Industrial Relations: Towards a Contextualized and Interdisciplinary Approach. British Journal of Industrial Relations. Vol. 44(2):239–262. 2006. Wiley. [Cross Ref]

[7] Hutchinson Marie, Vickers Margaret, Jackson Debra, Wilkes Lesley. Workplace bullying in nursing: towards a more critical organisational perspective. Nursing Inquiry. Vol. 13(2):118–126. 2006. Wiley. [Cross Ref]

[8] Seifert Roger, Ironside Mike. Tackling bullying in the workplaceBullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace. p. 383–398. 2002. CRC Press. [Cross Ref]

[9] Keashly Loraleigh. Emotional Abuse in the Workplace. Journal of Emotional Abuse. Vol. 1(1):85–117. 1997. Informa UK Limited. [Cross Ref]

[10] Kilpatrick Dean G., Resnick Heidi S., Acierno Ron. Should PTSD Criterion A be retained? Journal of Traumatic Stress. Vol. 22(5):374–383. 2009. Wiley. [Cross Ref]

[11] Kivimaki M.. Workplace bullying and sickness absence in hospital staff. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 57(10):656–660. 2000. BMJ. [Cross Ref]

[12] Lancaster Steven L., Melka Stephen E., Rodriguez Benjamin F.. An examination of the differential effects of the experience of DSM-IV defined traumatic events and life stressors. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. Vol. 23(5):711–717. 2009. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[13] Lewis Sian E., Orford Jim. Women's experiences of workplace bullying: changes in social relationships. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. Vol. 15(1):29–47. 2005. Wiley. [Cross Ref]

[14] Leymann Heinz. The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. Vol. 5(2):165–184. 1996. Informa UK Limited. [Cross Ref]

[15] Mackenzie Davey Kate, Liefooghe Andreas. Explaining bullying at workBullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace. p. 219–230. 2002. CRC Press. [Cross Ref]

[16] Lutgen-Sandvik Pamela, Tracy Sarah J., Alberts Jess K.. Burned by Bullying in the American Workplace: Prevalence, Perception, Degree and Impact. Journal of Management Studies. Vol. 44(6):837–862. 2007. Wiley. [Cross Ref]

[17] MacIntosh Judith. EXPERIENCES OF WORKPLACE BULLYING IN A RURAL AREA. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. Vol. 26(9):893–910. 2005. Informa UK Limited. [Cross Ref]

[18] McKenna Brian G., Smith Naumai A., Poole Suzette J., Coverdale John H.. Horizontal violence: experiences of Registered Nurses in their first year of practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Vol. 42(1):90–96. 2003. Wiley. [Cross Ref]

[19] Mealer Meredith, Jones Jacqueline, Moss Marc. A qualitative study of resilience and posttraumatic stress disorder in United States ICU nurses. Intensive Care Medicine. Vol. 38(9):1445–1451. 2012. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. [Cross Ref]

[20] Milne David. People Can Learn Markers On Road to Resilience. Psychiatric News. Vol. 42(2)2007. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. [Cross Ref]

[21] Moayed Farman A., Daraiseh Nancy, Shell Richard, Salem Sam. Workplace bullying: a systematic review of risk factors and outcomes. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. Vol. 7(3):311–327. 2006. Informa UK Limited. [Cross Ref]

[22] Quine Lyn. Workplace Bullying in Nurses. Journal of Health Psychology. Vol. 6(1):73–84. 2001. SAGE Publications. [Cross Ref]

[23] Quine Lyn. Workplace Bullying in Nurses. Journal of Health Psychology. Vol. 6(1):73–84. 2001. SAGE Publications. [Cross Ref]

[24] Randle Jacqueline. Bullying in the nursing profession. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Vol. 43(4):395–401. 2003. Wiley. [Cross Ref]

[25] Rayner Charlotte, Keashly Loraleigh. Bullying at Work: A Perspective From Britain and North America.Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets. p. 271–296. American Psychological Association. [Cross Ref]

[26] MICHELLE ROWE M., SHERLOCK HOLLY. Stress and verbal abuse in nursing: do burned out nurses eat their young? Journal of Nursing Management. Vol. 13(3):242–248. 2005. Wiley. [Cross Ref]

[27] Rutherford Alison, Rissel Chris. A survey of workplace bullying in a health sector organisation. Australian Health Review. Vol. 28(1)2004. CSIRO Publishing. [Cross Ref]

[28] Speedy Sandra. Workplace violence: The dark side of organisational life. Contemporary Nurse. Vol. 21(2):239–250. 2006. Informa UK Limited. [Cross Ref]

[29] When a Patient Is Behaving BadlyEvidence-Based Medical Ethics. p. 53–58. 2008. Humana Press. [Cross Ref]

[30] Vartia Maarit. The sources of bullying–psychological work environment and organizational climate. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. Vol. 5(2):203–214. 1996. Informa UK Limited. [Cross Ref]

[31] Yildirim Aytolan, Yildirim Dilek. Mobbing in the workplace by peers and managers: mobbing experienced by nurses working in healthcare facilities in Turkey and its effect on nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing. Vol. 16(8):1444–1453. 2007. Wiley. [Cross Ref]

[32] Zapf Dieter, Einarsen Ståle. Mobbing at Work: Escalated Conflicts in Organizations.Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets. p. 237–270. American Psychological Association. [Cross Ref]

[33] Milne David. People Can Learn Markers On Road to Resilience. Psychiatric News. Vol. 42(2)2007. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. [Cross Ref]

[34] Charney Dennis S.. Psychobiological Mechanisms of Resilience and Vulnerability: Implications for Successful Adaptation to Extreme Stress. American Journal of Psychiatry. Vol. 161(2):195–216. 2004. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. [Cross Ref]