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      Molekulare Charakterisierung an der hypothalamischen Appetitregulation beteiligter Rezeptoren

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          Abstract

          Das Körpergewicht und die Nahrungsaufnahme werden unter anderem vom Hypothalamus reguliert. Dort werden Hormonelle Signale der Peripherie und neuronale Signale integriert. Die G-Protein gekoppelten Melanocortinrezeptoren 3 und 4 (MC3R und MC4R) werden von ihren Agonisten, den Melanocortinen aktiviert und durch den inversen Agonisten/Antagonisten Agouti-Related Peptide (AgRP) inaktiviert. Als weiterer Downstream-Mediatoren der MC4R-Aktivierung wurden kürzlich Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) und dessen Rezeptor TrkB (Tropomyosin-Related –Kinase) identifiziert. Mutationen im MC4R gelten als häufigste monogenetische Ursache für Adipositas. Da viele dieser Mutationen aber in vitro funktionell nicht relevant sind, wurde ein Amosäurevergleich von orthologen MC4R aus 70 verschiedenen Spezies erstellt. Funktionsverlustmutationen waren häufiger an koservierten Positionen, während Mutationen ohne Effekt überwiegend an schwach konservierten Positionen zu finden waren. Funktionelle Charakterisierung der von in Mausmodellen identifizierten Punktmutationen I194F und Y302C ergaben eine gute in-vivo/in-vitro Korrelation. Desweiteren wurden in der Normalbevölkerung in normalgewichtigen Personen identifizierte MC4R-Punktmutationen funktionell charakterisiert. Die Mutationen R7C, A70T, T112K, Q156R, M200V, V166I und R236H hatten keinen Effekt auf die Rezeptorfunktion, die H158R. Mutation zeigte eine hohe Basalaktivität, die aber durch AgRP erniedrigt werden konnte. Die in adipösen Patienten gefundenen Mutationen S136F und S139R wiesen einen kompletten Funktionsverlust auf, erstere verursachte zudem sogar einen dominant-negativen Effekt bei Koexpression mit dem Wildtyprezeptor. Für den MC3R wurde das zum Translationsstart bevorzugte Startcodon identifiziert. Für die Rezeptortyrosinkinase TrkB konnte in Hefe-2-Hybridscreens der neue Interaktionspartner Sept3 identifiziert werden. Dieses Protein bindet phosphorylierungsunabhängig an die intrazelluläre Juxtamembrandomäne.

          Abstract

          Bodyweight and food intake are regulated by the hypothalamus which integrates peripheral hormonal and neural signals. The G-protein-coupled melanocortin-receptors 3 and 4 (MC3R and MC4R) are activated by melanocortins or inhibited by agouti-related pepetide (AgRP) and signal via the cAMP pathway. Brain-derived neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) was recently shown to signal downstream the MC4R via its receptor TrkB (tropomyosin-related kinase). Mutations in the MC4R are the most common cause of monogenetic obesity. However, many of these mutations are not functionally relevant in vitro. Here, an amino acid alignment of orthologous MC4R from over 70 species was used to evaluate reported mutations. Loss-of-function mutations were predominantly located at highly conserved positions whereas mutations without effect were located at non-conserved positions. Functional characterization of MC4R point mutations I194F (partial loss of function) and Y302C (complete loss of function) identified in mouse models showed good in vitro/in vivo correlation. Furthermore mutations found in normal weight persons were characterized: R7C, A70T, T112K, Q156K, M200V, V166I and R236H had no effect on receptor function in vitro, whereas the H158R Mutation showed high constitutive activity, which however could be diminished by AgRP. The mutations S136F and S139F identified in obese patients were characterized as complete loss-of-function mutations, the former additionally caused a dominant-negative effect on wildtype MC4R in vitro. For the MC3R the preferred start-codon for initiation of translation was identified. For TrkB Sept3 could be identified as a new interaction partner in a yeast-2-hybrid screen. This Protein belonging to the septin family binds to the intracellular juxtamembrane domain of TrkB independent of phosphorylation of the Shc-binding site.

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          Most cited references32

          • Record: found
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          Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates energy balance downstream of melanocortin-4 receptor.

          The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is critically involved in regulating energy balance, and obesity has been observed in mice with mutations in the gene for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Here we report that BDNF is expressed at high levels in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) where its expression is regulated by nutritional state and by MC4R signaling. In addition, similar to MC4R mutants, mouse mutants that expresses the BDNF receptor TrkB at a quarter of the normal amount showed hyperphagia and excessive weight gain on higher-fat diets. Furthermore, BDNF infusion into the brain suppressed the hyperphagia and excessive weight gain observed on higher-fat diets in mice with deficient MC4R signaling. These results show that MC4R signaling controls BDNF expression in the VMH and support the hypothesis that BDNF is an important effector through which MC4R signaling controls energy balance.
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            • Record: found
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            The G protein-coupled receptor repertoires of human and mouse.

            Diverse members of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily participate in a variety of physiological functions and are major targets of pharmaceutical drugs. Here we report that the repertoire of GPCRs for endogenous ligands consists of 367 receptors in humans and 392 in mice. Included here are 26 human and 83 mouse GPCRs not previously identified. A direct comparison of GPCRs in the two species reveals an unexpected level of orthology. The evolutionary preservation of these molecules argues against functional redundancy among highly related receptors. Phylogenetic analyses cluster 60% of GPCRs according to ligand preference, allowing prediction of ligand types for dozens of orphan receptors. Expression profiling of 100 GPCRs demonstrates that most are expressed in multiple tissues and that individual tissues express multiple GPCRs. Over 90% of GPCRs are expressed in the brain. Strikingly, however, the profiles of most GPCRs are unique, yielding thousands of tissue- and cell-specific receptor combinations for the modulation of physiological processes.
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              A de novo mutation affecting human TrkB associated with severe obesity and developmental delay.

              An 8-year-old male with a complex developmental syndrome and severe obesity was heterozygous for a de novo missense mutation resulting in a Y722C substitution in the neurotrophin receptor TrkB. This mutation markedly impaired receptor autophosphorylation and signaling to MAP kinase. Mutation of NTRK2, which encodes TrkB, seems to result in a unique human syndrome of hyperphagic obesity. The associated impairment in memory, learning and nociception seen in the proband reflects the crucial role of TrkB in the human nervous system.
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