Drug delivery to retinal photoreceptors

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Abstract

Highlights • Routes of administration to retinal photoreceptors. • The blood–retinal barrier as a challenge for photoreceptor drug delivery. • Review of nanoparticle drug delivery systems used for intraocular applications. • Perspectives for topical drug delivery to the retina.

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Brain and Retinal Pericytes: Origin, Function and Role

Andrea Trost, Simona Lange, Falk Schroedl … (2016)

Pericytes are specialized mural cells located at the abluminal surface of capillary blood vessels, embedded within the basement membrane. In the vascular network these multifunctional cells fulfil diverse functions, which are indispensable for proper homoeostasis. They serve as microvascular stabilizers, are potential regulators of microvascular blood flow and have a central role in angiogenesis, as they for example regulate endothelial cell proliferation. Furthermore, pericytes, as part of the neurovascular unit, are a major component of the blood-retina/brain barrier. CNS pericytes are a heterogenic cell population derived from mesodermal and neuro-ectodermal germ layers acting as modulators of stromal and niche environmental properties. In addition, they display multipotent differentiation potential making them an intriguing target for regenerative therapies. Pericyte-deficiencies can be cause or consequence of many kinds of diseases. In diabetes, for instance, pericyte-loss is a severe pathological process in diabetic retinopathy (DR) with detrimental consequences for eye sight in millions of patients. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of CNS pericyte origin and function, with a special focus on the retina in the healthy and diseased. Finally, we highlight the role of pericytes in de- and regenerative processes.

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UV and near-IR triggered release from polymeric nanoparticles.

Osayimwense Edigin, Marleen Sermsakdi, Janna N Fomina … (2010)

A new light-sensitive polymer containing multiple light-sensitive triggering groups along the backbone and incorporating a quinone-methide self-immolative moiety was developed and formulated into nanoparticles encapsulating a model pharmaceutical Nile Red. Triggered burst release of the payload upon irradiation and subsequent degradation of the nanoparticles were observed. This system is designed to be versatile where the triggering group can be sensitive to a number of wavelengths.

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Topical and systemic drug delivery to the posterior segments.

Dennis P M Hughes, Joan Chang, O Olejnik … (2005)

The posterior segments of the eye are exquisitely protected from the external environment. This poses unique and fairly challenging hurdles for drug delivery. It is somewhat dogmatic that topical ocular delivery is insufficient to achieve therapeutic drug levels in the posterior segments. However, some drugs are currently challenging this dogma. In this review we investigate the constraints and challenges of drug delivery to the posterior segment. Additionally, we outline several potential absorption pathways that may potentially be exploited to deliver drug to the back of the eye. Data on several compounds that achieve therapeutic posterior segment concentrations after topical dosing is presented. Finally, the issues surrounding systemic delivery to the posterior segment are reviewed.