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      • Record: found
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      Skin advanced glycation end-products evaluation in infants according to the type of feeding and mother’s smoking habits

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          Abstract

          Objectives:

          This study was conducted to assess whether formula-fed infants had increased skin advanced glycation end-products compared with breastfed ones. We also evaluated the effect of maternal smoke during pregnancy and lactation on infant skin advanced glycation end-products accumulation.

          Methods:

          Advanced glycation end-product–linked skin autofluorescence was measured in 101 infants.

          Results:

          In infants born from non-smoking mothers, advanced glycation end-products were higher in formula-fed subjects than in breastfed subjects (0.80 (0.65–0.90) vs 1.00 (0.85–1.05), p < 0.001). Advanced glycation end-products in breastfed infants from smoking mothers were higher than in those from non-smoking mothers (0.80 (0.65–0.90) vs 1.00 (0.90–1.17), p = 0.009).

          Conclusion:

          Formula-fed infants had increased amounts of advanced glycation end-products compared with the breastfed ones, confirming that breast milk represents the best food for infants. Breastfed infants from mothers smoking during pregnancy and lactation had increased skin advanced glycation end-products, suggesting that smoke-related advanced glycation end-products transfer throughout breast milk. Moreover, advanced glycation end-products may already increase during gestation, possibly affecting fetal development. Thus, we reinforced that smoking must be stopped during pregnancy and lactation.

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          Most cited references40

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          Neonatal anthropometric charts: the Italian neonatal study compared with other European studies.

          Luciana Occhi, Mario Curtis, Gianni Bona … (2010)
          This was a nationwide prospective study carried out in Italy between 2005 and 2007, involving 34 centers with a neonatal intensive care unit. The study reports the Italian Neonatal Study charts for weight, length, and head circumference of singletons born between 23 and 42 gestational weeks, comparing them with previous Italian data and with the most recent data from European countries. Single live born babies with ultrasound assessment of gestational age within the first trimester, and with both parents of Italian origin. Only fetal hydrops and major congenital anomalies diagnosed at birth were excluded. The reference set consists of 22,087 girls and 23,375 boys. At each gestational age, boys are heavier than girls by about 4%. Later-born neonates are heavier than firstborn neonates by about 3%. The effects of sex and birth order on length and head circumference are milder. No differences were observed between babies born in central-north Italy and southern Italy. A large variability emerged among European neonatal charts, resulting in huge differences in the percentage of Italian Neonatal Study neonates below the 10th centile, which is traditionally used to define small-for-gestational-age babies. In the last 2 decades prominent changes in the distribution of birth weight emerged in Italy and in the rest of Europe, in both term and preterm neonates. The existing European neonatal charts, based on more or less recent data, were found to be inappropriate for Italy. Until an international standard is developed, the use of national updated reference charts is recommended.
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            Tobacco smoke is a source of toxic reactive glycation products.

            C Cerami, H Founds, I Nicholl … (1997)
            Smokers have a significantly higher risk for developing coronary and cerebrovascular disease than nonsmokers. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are reactive, cross-linking moieties that form from the reaction of reducing sugars and the amino groups of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. AGEs circulate in high concentrations in the plasma of patients with diabetes or renal insufficiency and have been linked to the accelerated vasculopathy seen in patients with these diseases. Because the curing of tobacco takes place under conditions that could lead to the formation of glycation products, we examined whether tobacco and tobacco smoke could generate these reactive species that would increase AGE formation in vivo. Our findings show that reactive glycation products are present in aqueous extracts of tobacco and in tobacco smoke in a form that can rapidly react with proteins to form AGEs. This reaction can be inhibited by aminoguanidine, a known inhibitor of AGE formation. We have named these glycation products "glycotoxins." Like other known reducing sugars and reactive glycation products, glycotoxins form smoke, react with protein, exhibit a specific fluorescence when cross-linked to proteins, and are mutagenic. Glycotoxins are transferred to the serum proteins of human smokers. AGE-apolipoprotein B and serum AGE levels in cigarette smokers were significantly higher than those in nonsmokers. These results suggest that increased glycotoxin exposure may contribute to the increased incidence of atherosclerosis and high prevalence of cancer in smokers.
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              Diet-derived advanced glycation end products are major contributors to the body's AGE pool and induce inflammation in healthy subjects.

              Weijing Cai, Oana Sandu, Jaime Uribarri … (2005)
              Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a heterogeneous group of compounds that form continuously in the body. Their rate of endogenous formation is markedly increased in diabetes mellitus, a condition in which AGEs play a major pathological role. It is also known, however, that AGEs form during the cooking of foods, primarily as the result of the application of heat. This review focuses on the generation of AGEs during the cooking of food, the gastrointestinal absorption of these compounds, and their biological effects in vitro and in vivo. We also present preliminary evidence of a direct association between dietary AGE intake and markers of systemic inflammation such as C-reactive protein in a large group of healthy subjects. Together with previous evidence from diabetics and renal failure patients, these data suggest that dietary AGEs may play an important role in the causation of chronic diseases associated with underlying inflammation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): SAGE Open Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): SAGE Open Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): SMO
                Journal ID (hwp): spsmo
                Title: SAGE Open Medicine
                Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2050-3121
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 December 2016
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Volume: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2050312116682126
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
                [2 ]Pediatric Unit, San Luca Hospital, Lucca, Italy
                Author notes
                [*]Giovanni Federico, Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, University Hospital of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy. Email: giovanni.federico@ 123456med.unipi.it
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10.1177_2050312116682126
                DOI: 10.1177/2050312116682126
                PMC ID: 5302171
                SO-VID: 9ef4adb0-9b21-4bb3-b9a6-39271de91d6b
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2016
                License:

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License ( http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                Date received : 4 July 2016
                Date accepted : 20 October 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Custom metadata
                cover-date January-December 2016

                Keywords: advanced glycation end-products,skin autofluorescence,infants,breast-feeding,smoke
                Data availability:
                Keywords: advanced glycation end-products, skin autofluorescence, infants, breast-feeding, smoke

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