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      Trust in the health care professional and health outcome: A meta-analysis.

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          Abstract

          To examine whether patients' trust in the health care professional is associated with health outcomes.

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          How does communication heal? Pathways linking clinician-patient communication to health outcomes.

          Richard L. Street, Gregory Makoul, Neeraj K. Arora … (2009)
          Although prior research indicates that features of clinician-patient communication can predict health outcomes weeks and months after the consultation, the mechanisms accounting for these findings are poorly understood. While talk itself can be therapeutic (e.g., lessening the patient's anxiety, providing comfort), more often clinician-patient communication influences health outcomes via a more indirect route. Proximal outcomes of the interaction include patient understanding, trust, and clinician-patient agreement. These affect intermediate outcomes (e.g., increased adherence, better self-care skills) which, in turn, affect health and well-being. Seven pathways through which communication can lead to better health include increased access to care, greater patient knowledge and shared understanding, higher quality medical decisions, enhanced therapeutic alliances, increased social support, patient agency and empowerment, and better management of emotions. Future research should hypothesize pathways connecting communication to health outcomes and select measures specific to that pathway. Clinicians and patients should maximize the therapeutic effects of communication by explicitly orienting communication to achieve intermediate outcomes (e.g., trust, mutual understanding, adherence, social support, self-efficacy) associated with improved health.
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            A meta-analysis of the association between adherence to drug therapy and mortality.

            Scot H Simpson, Dean T. Eurich, Sumit Majumdar … (2006)
            To evaluate the relation between adherence to drug therapy, including placebo, and mortality. Meta-analysis of observational studies. Electronic databases, contact with investigators, and textbooks and reviews on adherence. Review methods Predefined criteria were used to select studies reporting mortality among participants with good and poor adherence to drug therapy. Data were extracted for disease, drug therapy groups, methods for measurement of adherence rate, definition for good adherence, and mortality. Data were available from 21 studies (46,847 participants), including eight studies with placebo arms (19,633 participants). Compared with poor adherence, good adherence was associated with lower mortality (odds ratio 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.50 to 0.63). Good adherence to placebo was associated with lower mortality (0.56, 0.43 to 0.74), as was good adherence to beneficial drug therapy (0.55, 0.49 to 0.62). Good adherence to harmful drug therapy was associated with increased mortality (2.90, 1.04 to 8.11). Good adherence to drug therapy is associated with positive health outcomes. Moreover, the observed association between good adherence to placebo and mortality supports the existence of the "healthy adherer" effect, whereby adherence to drug therapy may be a surrogate marker for overall healthy behaviour.
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              Measuring patients' trust in their primary care providers.

              Beiyao Zheng, Deborah A. Hall, Fabian Camacho … (2002)
              Existing scales to measure trust in physicians have differing content and limited testing. To improve on these measures, a detailed conceptual model was constructed and a large item pool (n = 78) was generated following a detailed conceptual model and expert review. After pilot testing, the best-performing items were validated with a random national sample (n = 959) and a regional sample of HMO members (n =1,199). Various psychometric tests produced a 10-item unidimensional scale consistent with most aspects of the conceptual model. Compared with previous scales, the Wake Forest physician trust scale has a somewhat improved combination of internal consistency, variability, and discriminability. The scale is more strongly correlated with satisfaction, desire to remain with a physician, willingness to recommend to friends, and not seeking second opinions; it is less correlated with insurer trust, membership in managed care, and choice of physician. Correlations are equivalent with lack of disputes, length of relationship, and number of visits [corrected].
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Title: PloS one
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                ISSN (Print): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 2017
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 2
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
                [2 ] Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
                [3 ] Program in Placebo Studies and the Therapeutic Encounter, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
                [4 ] Collegium Helveticum, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: PONE-D-16-37935
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170988
                PMC ID: 5295692
                PubMed ID: 28170443
                SO-VID: f340471d-c630-4e5a-81de-2e3a86feb2ea
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