The rapidly evolving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is placing an overwhelming
burden on health systems and authorities to respond with effective and appropriate
interventions, policies, and messages. A critical element in reducing transmission
of the virus is rapid and widespread behavioural change. Evidence shows that a perceived
lack of consistency, competence, fairness, objectivity, empathy, or sincerity in crisis
response in the public could lead to distrust and fear.
1
Conversely, when the public perceives measures as having these characteristics, as
well as being easily understood and communicated through trusted and accessible channels,
and when the necessary services are available, people are able to make informed choices,
protect themselves, and comply with recommended practices.2, 3
Risk perceptions influence individual protective behaviours
4
but paradoxically, how people perceive risk is not necessarily correlated with the
actual risk. This was seen during the influenza pandemic in 2009-10,
5
where uncertainty and perceived exaggeration were also associated with a reduced likelihood
to implement the recommended behaviours.
6
Models of crisis and risk communication thus suggest that understanding risk perceptions
is critical for an effective and appropriate crisis response.
7
At the same time, not enough is known about the complex interplay of changing epidemiology,
media attention, pandemic control measures, risk perception, and public health behaviour.
5
Behavioural insights for COVID-19 are, therefore, of critical importance. This includes
knowledge about what drives behaviour and awareness of changes in these drivers.1,
3 Other psychological challenges, such as misinformation, stigmatisation, or herd
behaviour (such as hoarding of food or toilet paper) can be monitored to help estimate
their prevalence and to identify sources. National authorities and other stakeholders,
such as the media, can gain valuable insights into information needs, contextualisation
of certain phenomena (eg, stigmatisation), and which target groups need additional
attention. A few countries have rapidly initiated studies to gain such insights, and
more countries are urged to prioritise such efforts, not in lieu of, but as a necessary
supporting mechanism for other response measures.
Faced with overwhelming response requirements and cost, countries need opportunities
to gain such insights through tools that: (1) are evidence-based; (2) can be rapidly
applied; (3) can be regularly applied; (4) are simple and flexible enough to adjust
to the changing situation; and (5) are low cost and cost-effective, particularly for
low-income and middle-income countries. WHO and international partners can share such
tools allowing countries to do this. Shared tools offer the additional opportunity
of preparing syntheses analysis across contexts, providing invaluable insights for
the continued response effort as well as for the post-outbreak evaluation, sharing
of lessons learnt, and the continued effort to better understand effective mechanisms
of crisis response.
Weekly COVID-19 Snapshot MOnitoring (COSMO) was initiated in Germany on March 3, 2020.
8
Preliminary data and examples of the usefulness of such data are shown in the appendix.
The initiating researchers and authorities and researchers are now sharing this as
a blueprint for other countries. Together with the new Insights Unit at the WHO Regional
Office for Europe, an adaptable study protocol, sample questionnaire, and data analysis
script have been made available along with guidance on contextual adaptation and open
access practices.
The suggested serial, cross-sectional study allows rapid and adaptive monitoring of
focal variables over time, assessment of the relations between them, and randomisation
of answer options where suitable. Among others, included variables relate to demographics,
protective behaviours, knowledge, perceptions, and trust. Changes in risk perceptions
or knowledge can be assessed over time; data on acceptance of new response measures
can be made rapidly available; and misinformation or possible stigma can be identified
as they emerge. Immediate data analysis by means of an automated data analysis website
provides fast access to the results. WHO materials contain commented code (free R
Studio online software) for data analysis and a website for rapid data presentation.
The Insights Unit and Health Emergencies Programme in the WHO Regional Office for
Europe are offering support to countries for implementation. National teams using
the tool are urged to work in partner coalitions to discuss insights gained and implications
for outbreak response interventions, policies and messages. Making results rapidly
available to journalists is also suggested to support high quality and responsible
media reporting. Journalists need timely knowledge about developing audience behaviour
and habits to rapidly tailor information sharing and to develop narrative tools that
encourage behaviour changes according to evidence from risk communication research.
In sum, rapid data collection and sharing could support effective interaction between
authorities, health workers, journalists, and the public to encourage appropriate
behavioural change, to manage the crisis, and to protect the most important asset
in a crisis: public trust.
© 2020 Victor J Blue/Stringer/Getty Images
2020
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