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      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
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      Is Open Access

      Differences in Brain Hemodynamics in Response to Achromatic and Chromatic Cards of the Rorschach : A fMRI Study

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          Abstract

          Abstract. In order to investigate the effects of color stimuli of the Rorschach inkblot method (RIM), the cerebral activity of 40 participants with no history of neurological or psychiatric illness was scanned while they engaged in the Rorschach task. A scanned image of the ten RIM inkblots was projected onto a screen in the MRI scanner. Cerebral activation in response to five achromatic color cards and five chromatic cards were compared. As a result, a significant increase in brain activity was observed in bilateral visual areas V2 and V3, parietooccipital junctions, pulvinars, right superior temporal gyrus, and left premotor cortex for achromatic color cards ( p < .001). For the cards with chromatic color, significant increase in brain activity was observed in left visual area V4 and left orbitofrontal cortex ( p < .001). Furthermore, a conjoint analysis revealed various regions were activated in responding to the RIM. The neuropsychological underpinnings of the response process, as described by Acklin and Wu-Holt (1996), were largely confirmed.

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          Spatial registration and normalization of images

          Karl. J. Friston, J. Ashburner, C D Frith … (1995)
          Article 0 comments Cited 372 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Episodic and declarative memory: role of the hippocampus.

            E Tulving, H J Markowitsch (1998)
            The fact that medial temporal lobe structures, including the hippocampus, are critical for declarative memory is firmly established by now. The understanding of the role that these structures play in declarative memory, however, despite great efforts spent in the quest, has eluded investigators so far. Given the existing scenario, novel ideas that hold the promise of clarifying matters should be eagerly sought. One such idea was recently proposed by Vargha-Khadem and her colleagues (Science 1997; 277:376-380) on the basis of their study of three young people suffering from anterograde amnesia caused by early-onset hippocampal pathology. The idea is that the hippocampus is necessary for remembering ongoing life's experiences (episodic memory), but not necessary for the acquisition of factual knowledge (semantic memory). We discuss the reasons why this novel proposal makes good sense and why it and its ramifications should be vigorously pursued. We review and compare declarative and episodic theories of amnesia, and argue that the findings reported by Vargha-Khadem and her colleagues fit well into an episodic theory that retains components already publicized, and adds new ones suggested by the Vargha-Khadem et al. study. Existing components of this theory include the idea that acquisition of factual knowledge can occur independently of episodic memory, and the idea that in anterograde amnesia it is quite possible for episodic memory to be more severely impaired than semantic memory. We suggest a realignment of organization of memory such that declarative memory is defined in terms of features and properties that are common to both episodic and semantic memory. The organization of memory thus modified gives greater precision to the Vargha-Khadem et al. neuroanatomical model in which declarative memory depends on perihippocampal cortical regions but not on the hippocampus, whereas episodic memory, which is separate from declarative memory, depends on the hippocampus.
            Article 0 comments Cited 213 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Detecting activations in PET and fMRI: levels of inference and power.

              K J Friston, A. Holmes, J. B. Poline … (1996)
              This paper is about detecting activations in statistical parametric maps and considers the relative sensitivity of a nested hierarchy of tests that we have framed in terms of the level of inference (voxel level, cluster level, and set level). These tests are based on the probability of obtaining c, or more, clusters with k, or more, voxels, above a threshold u. This probability has a reasonably simple form and is derived using distributional approximations from the theory of Gaussian fields. The most important contribution of this work is the notion of set-level inference. Set-level inference refers to the statistical inference that the number of clusters comprising an observed activation profile is highly unlikely to have occurred by chance. This inference pertains to the set of activations reaching criteria and represents a new way of assigning P values to distributed effects. Cluster-level inferences are a special case of set-level inferences, which obtain when the number of clusters c = 1. Similarly voxel-level inferences are special cases of cluster-level inferences that result when the cluster can be very small (i.e., k = 0). Using a theoretical power analysis of distributed activations, we observed that set-level inferences are generally more powerful than cluster-level inferences and that cluster-level inferences are generally more powerful than voxel-level inferences. The price paid for this increased sensitivity is reduced localizing power: Voxel-level tests permit individual voxels to be identified as significant, whereas cluster-and set-level inferences only allow clusters or sets of clusters to be so identified. For all levels of inference the spatial size of the underlying signal f (relative to resolution) determines the most powerful thresholds to adopt. For set-level inferences if f is large (e.g., fMRI) then the optimum extent threshold should be greater than the expected number of voxels for each cluster. If f is small (e.g., PET) the extent threshold should be small. We envisage that set-level inferences will find a role in making statistical inferences about distributed activations, particularly in fMRI.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Rorschachiana
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Rorschachiana
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ror
                Title: Rorschachiana
                Publisher: Hogrefe Publishing
                ISSN (Print): 1192-5604
                ISSN (Electronic): 2151-206X
                Publication date (Electronic): June 10, 2016
                Publication date (Print): 2016
                Volume: 37
                Issue: 1 , Special Issue: Neuroscience and the Rorschach
                Pages: 41-57
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Department of Arts and Sciences, Osaka Kyoiku University, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
                [ 2 ]Institute of Socio-Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Japan
                [ 3 ]Department of Child Development, University of Fukui, Japan
                [ 4 ]Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Japan
                [ 5 ]Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, Japan
                [ 6 ]National Mental Support Center for School Crisis, Osaka Kyoiku University, Japan
                [ 7 ]Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Japan
                [ 8 ]Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Japan
                Author notes
                Masahiro Ishibashi, Department of Arts and Sciences, Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-698-1 Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, Osaka 582-8582, Japan, Fax +81 72 978-3625, E-mail isibasim@ 123456cc.osaka-kyoiku.ac.jp
                Article
                DOI: 10.1027/1192-5604/a000076
                PMC ID: 5302018
                SO-VID: 35100447-be97-428d-8396-6288645ab208
                Copyright © © 2016 Hogrefe Publishing
                License:

                (Distributed under the Hogrefe OpenMind License http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/a000001)

                History
                Date received : March 9, 2015
                Date revision received : December 22, 2015
                Date accepted : January 13, 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: achromatic and chromatic colors,brain hemodynamics,functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri),rorschach
                Data availability:
                Keywords: achromatic and chromatic colors, brain hemodynamics, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri), rorschach

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