Tasas específicas de mortalidad en el hospital de Algeciras durante el período 1995-1996

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Abstract

FUNDAMENTO: La mortalidad intrahospitalaria ha sido propuesta como un indicador de calidad asistencial. Así mismo, es un hecho que debe ser utilizado para la vigilancia epidemiológica y la planificación sanitaria. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la mortalidad del Hospital de Algeciras del Servicio Andaluz de Salud. MÉTODOS: Se ha realizado un estudio descriptivo de los enfermos dados de alta entre enero de 1995 y diciembre de 1996, utilizando como fuente de información el informe clínico de alta y/o la historia clínica. Se utilizó la estructura del informe conjunto mínimo básico de datos al alta hospitalaria (CMBD). Los episodios de hospitalización fueron agrupados en los grupos relacionados con el diagnóstico (GRD). Tras un primer análisis de todos los episodios de hospitalización, se analizaron los episodios de alta de los enfermos menores de 80 años, estableciendo el riesgo de fallecer en el hospital en función del motivo de ingreso. RESULTADOS: En el Hospital de Algeciras hubo entre enero de 1995 y diciembre de 1996 un total de 24.194 episodios de hospitalización, tasa de mortalidad del 4.1%. Se observó una mayor tasa de mortalidad en el sexo masculino (5.3%) frente al femenino (3.2%), (P<0.01). En los pacientes menores de 80 años se han producido 750 muertes intrahospitalarias y continúa el exceso de mortalidad en el sexo masculino. Las causas más frecuentes de las defunciones en este grupo de edad son: 66 muertes por enfermedad cerebro-vascular (probabilidad de morir este grupo de edad si han ingresado por enfermedad cerebro-vascular IC 95% 0.12-0.19), 58 muertes por Sida (IC95% 0.09-0.15), 51 por neoplasias de bronquios y pulmón (IC95 0.18-0.30), 49 éxitus por infarto agudo de miocardio (IC95% 0.12-0.21), 39 por enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (IC95% 0.07-0.14).. CONCLUSIONES: Se confirma la numerosa información suministrada por las estadísticas de mortalidad hospitalaria, especialmente si se tienen en cuenta la edad y patología de los pacientes atendidos, manifestando la necesidad de adoptar en el área de influencia del hospital de Algeciras políticas sanitarias en relación a la prevención del VIH/SIDA, enfermedad cerebro-vascular, cáncer de pulmón y cardiopatía isquémica. Así mismo, se considera la necesidad de monitorizar y de elaborar nuevos indicadores de mortalidad hospitalaria y ampliar la relación de causas de muerte innecesariamente prematura y sanitariamente evitable de causa estrictamente hospitalaria.

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Identifying complications of care using administrative data.

James A Coffman, Steve Hughes, Julia Duncan … (1994)

The Complications Screening Program (CSP) is a method using standard hospital discharge abstract data to identify 27 potentially preventable in-hospital complications, such as post-operative pneumonia, hemorrhage, medication incidents, and wound infection. The CSP was applied to over 1.9 million adult medical/surgical cases using 1988 California discharge abstract data. Cases with complications were significantly older and more likely to die, and they had much higher average total charges and lengths of stay than other cases (P < 0.0001). For most case types, 13 chronic conditions, defined using diagnosis codes, increased the relative risks of having a complication after adjusting for patient age. Cases at larger hospitals and teaching facilities generally had higher complication rates. Logistic regression models to predict complications using demographic, administrative, clinical, and hospital characteristics variables, had modest power (C statistics = 0.64 to 0.70). The CSP requires further evaluation before using it for purposes other than research.

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Hospital characteristics associated with adverse events and substandard care.

Alana T Brennan, S Lipsitz, A Lawthers … (1991)

To explore the epidemiology of adverse events (AEs), which were defined as injuries due to medical treatment, and that subset of AEs caused by negligence, we studied interhospital variation in these outcomes in a sample of 31,000 medical records drawn from a random selection of 51 hospitals in New York in 1984. We found a substantial variation in both AE rates (0.2% to 7.9%; mean, 3.2%) and the percentage of AEs due to negligence (1% to 60%; mean, 24.9%) among hospitals. Univariate analyses of AEs revealed that primary teaching institutions had significantly higher rates (4.1%) and rural hospitals had significantly lower ones (1.0%). The percentage of AEs due to negligence was lower in primary teaching (10.7%) and for-profit (9.5%) hospitals and was significantly higher in hospitals with predominantly (greater than 80%) minority patients who had been discharged (37%). These findings were corroborated by multivariate analysis. Our results suggest that AEs and negligence are not randomly distributed and that certain types of hospitals have significantly higher rates of injuries due to substandard care. These observations may represent an important improvement on existing measures of quality because they take into account the fact that some hospitals' populations may be at risk of suffering a poor outcome.