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      UPLC Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Components by Single Marker and Quality Evaluation of Polygala tenuifolia Wild. Extracts

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          Abstract

          The quality control of Polygala tenuifolia Wild. is a major challenge in its clinical application. In this paper, a new strategy for the quality evaluation of P. tenuifolia extracts was verified through reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single marker (QAMS) was conducted with 3,6′-disinapoyl sucrose as an internal reference substance. Eight components (i.e., sibiricose A5, sibiricose A6, glomeratose A, tenuifoliside A, tenuifoliside B, tenuifoliside C, sibiricaxanthone B, and polygalaxanthone III) were determined based on the relative correction factors. The concentrations of these components were also determined by applying a conventional external standard method. The cosine value confirmed the consistency of the two methods (cosine ratio value >0.999920). Hierarchical cluster analysis, radar plots, and discriminant analysis were performed to classify 23 batches of P. tenuifolia extracts from Shanxi, Hebei, and Shaanxi in China. Results revealed that QAMS combined with radar plots and multivariate data analysis could accurately measure and clearly distinguish the different quality samples of P. tenuifolia. Hence, QAMS is a feasible and promising method for the quality control of P. tenuifolia.

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          Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Polygala tenuifolia root extract.

          T Sreekanth, In Yang, Sang Cha … (2015)
          The exploitation of various plant materials for the green synthesis of nanoparticles is considered an eco-friendly technology because it does not involve toxic chemicals. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized using the root extract of Polygala tenuifolia. Synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, TGA, TEM, SEM and EDX. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, whereas antioxidant activity was examined using a DPPH free radical assay. ZnO NPs demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity by scavenging 45.47% DPPH at 1mg/mL and revealed excellent anti-inflammatory activity by dose-dependently suppressing both mRNA and protein expressions of iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α.
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            Anti-inflammatory activity of mangostins from Garcinia mangostana.

            Lih-Geeng Chen, Ling-Ling Yang, Ching-Chiung Wang (2008)
            The fruit hull of Garcinia mangostana Linn (Guttiferae) is used as an anti-inflammatory drug in Southeast Asia. Two xanthones, alpha- and gamma-mangostins, were isolated from the fruit hull of G. mangostana, and both significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) and PGE(2) production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The IC(50) values for the inhibition of NO production by alpha- and gamma-mangostins were 12.4 and 10.1 microM, respectively. After iNOS enzyme activity was stimulated by LPS for 12 h, treatment with either alpha- or gamma-mangostin at 5 microg/ml (12.2 and 12.6 microM, respectively) for 24 h did not significantly inhibit NO production. The data show that the inhibitory activities of alpha- and gamma-mangostins are not due to direct inhibition of iNOS enzyme activity. On the other hand, expression of iNOS was inhibited by alpha- and gamma-mangostins in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, but not by COX-2. However, the level of PGE(2) production was reduced by the two xanthones. In an in vivo study, alpha-mangostin significantly inhibited mice carrageenan-induced paw edema. In conclusion, alpha- and gamma-mangostins from G. mangostana are bioactive substances with anti-inflammatory effects.
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              Antidepressant effects of ginseng total saponins in the forced swimming test and chronic mild stress models of depression.

              Haixia Dang, Ying Chen, Xinmin Liu … (2009)
              Ginseng total saponins (GTS) are the major active components of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, which has been used as a popular tonic herb for 2000 years in Far East countries. In the present study, two classic animal models: the forced swimming test (FST) and the chronic mild stress (CMS) model were used to evaluate the antidepressant-like activities of GTS. It was observed that GTS at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg significantly reduced the immobility time in the FST in mice after 7-day treatment. GTS also reversed the reduction in the sucrose preference index, decrease in locomotor activity as well as prolongation of latency of feeding in the novelty environment displayed by CMS rats. In addition, HPLC-ECD and immunohistochemical staining analysis indicated that the CMS-induced decrease in monoamine neurotransmitter concentration and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus were almost completely reversed by GTS. In conclusion, GTS exerts antidepressant-like effects in two highly specific and predictive animal models of depression. The activity of GTS in antidepression may be mediated partly through enhancing the monoamine neurotransmitter concentration and BDNF expression in the hippocampus.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 December 2017
                Publication date Collection: December 2017
                Volume: 22
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2276
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China; woshixurui925@ 123456163.com (R.X.); mfyzys@ 123456126.com (F.M.); wpwang2015@ 123456126.com (W.W); fll911215@ 123456163.com (L.F.); gaoxiaojuan0705@ 123456126.com (X.G.); zhaojianjun777@ 123456126.com (J.Z.)
                [2 ]Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
                [3 ]Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
                [4 ]Institute of Industrial Crop Research, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fenyang 032200, Shanxi, China; thl2003@ 123456163.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: zwhjzs@ 123456126.com ; Tel.: +86-136-1950-1878; Fax: +86-095-1698-0193
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-22-02276
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122276
                PMC ID: 6149966
                PubMed ID: 29261155
                SO-VID: 945d39e8-4587-478b-b378-409f5e028a66
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 16 November 2017
                Date accepted : 15 December 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: polygala tenuifolia wild.,multi-components by single marker,ultra-performance liquid chromatography,quality evaluation
                Data availability:
                Keywords: polygala tenuifolia wild., multi-components by single marker, ultra-performance liquid chromatography, quality evaluation

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