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      Integration of innovative educational technologies in anatomy teaching: new normal in anatomy education

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          Abstract

          COVID-19 pandemic has created a lot of turmoil in medical teaching, the magnitude of impact is many folds in the subject of anatomy, as it is practical based. A major challenge for anatomy teachers is to replicate the experience of practical exposures. These exposures range from cadaveric dissection to demonstration of bones, museum specimens, and histology slides, where they will have interactive communication with students, and thus help in the enhancement of communication and clinical skills among them. In recent days, anatomy teachers throughout the globe started using various advanced technology to make the teaching–learning session more interesting. In pre-pandemic era, usage of such advancements in information and communication technology was a ‘choice’. But pandemic has changed the situation drastically, what was a ‘choice’ earlier is now an ‘obligation.’ Presently although infection rate is low, vaccination rate is high, most of the medical schools re-opened for usual offline teaching, still body donation is all time low making the situation ‘back to square one’. Keeping such unprecedented situations in mind, we need to incorporate various innovative educational technologies in day-to-day teaching–learning methodologies.

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          COVID ‐19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking University

          Wei Bao (2020)
          Abstract Starting from the spring of 2020, the outbreak of the COVID‐19 caused Chinese universities to close the campuses and forced them to initiate online teaching. This paper focuses on a case of Peking University's online education. Six specific instructional strategies are presented to summarize current online teaching experiences for university instructors who might conduct online education in similar circumstances. The study concludes with five high‐impact principles for online education: (a) high relevance between online instructional design and student learning, (b) effective delivery on online instructional information, (c) adequate support provided by faculty and teaching assistants to students; (d) high‐quality participation to improve the breadth and depth of student's learning, and (e) contingency plan to deal with unexpected incidents of online education platforms.
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            Is Open Access

            Flipped classroom improves student learning in health professions education: a meta-analysis

            Background The use of flipped classroom approach has become increasingly popular in health professions education. However, no meta-analysis has been published that specifically examines the effect of flipped classroom versus traditional classroom on student learning. This study examined the findings of comparative articles through a meta-analysis in order to summarize the overall effects of teaching with the flipped classroom approach. We focused specifically on a set of flipped classroom studies in which pre-recorded videos were provided before face-to-face class meetings. These comparative articles focused on health care professionals including medical students, residents, doctors, nurses, or learners in other health care professions and disciplines (e.g., dental, pharmacy, environmental or occupational health). Method Using predefined study eligibility criteria, seven electronic databases were searched in mid-April 2017 for relevant articles. Methodological quality was graded using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI). Effect sizes, heterogeneity estimates, analysis of possible moderators, and publication bias were computed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Results A meta-analysis of 28 eligible comparative studies (between-subject design) showed an overall significant effect in favor of flipped classrooms over traditional classrooms for health professions education (standardized mean difference, SMD = 0.33, 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.21–0.46, p < 0.001), with no evidence of publication bias. In addition, the flipped classroom approach was more effective when instructors used quizzes at the start of each in-class session. More respondents reported they preferred flipped to traditional classrooms. Conclusions Current evidence suggests that the flipped classroom approach in health professions education yields a significant improvement in student learning compared with traditional teaching methods.
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              Best teaching practices in anatomy education: A critical review.

              In this report we review the range of teaching resources and strategies used in anatomy education with the aim of coming up with suggestions about the best teaching practices in this area. There is much debate about suitable methods of delivering anatomical knowledge. Competent clinicians, particularly surgeons, need a deep understanding of anatomy for safe clinical procedures. However, because students have had very limited exposure to anatomy during clinical training, there is a concern that medical students are ill-prepared in anatomy when entering clerkships and residency programs. Therefore, developing effective modalities for teaching anatomy is essential to safe medical practice. Cadaver-based instruction has survived as the main instructional tool for hundreds of years, however, there are differing views on whether full cadaver dissection is still appropriate for a modern undergraduate training. The limitations on curricular time, trained anatomy faculty and resources for gross anatomy courses in integrated or/and system-based curricula, have led many medical schools to abandon costly and time-consuming dissection-based instruction in favour of alternative methods of instruction including prosection, medical imaging, living anatomy and multimedia resources. To date, no single teaching tool has been found to meet curriculum requirements. The best way to teach modern anatomy is by combining multiple pedagogical resources to complement one another, students appear to learn more effectively when multimodal and system-based approaches are integrated. Our review suggests that certain professions would have more benefit from certain educational methods or strategies than others. Full body dissection would be best reserved for medical students, especially those with surgical career intentions, while teaching based on prosections and plastination is more suitable for dental, pharmacy and allied health science students. There is a need to direct future research towards evaluation of the suitability of the new teaching methodologies in new curricula and student perceptions of integrated and multimodal teaching paradigms, and the ability of these to satisfy learning outcomes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                apurba.cnmc03@gmail.com
                dradilasghar@aiimspatna.org
                anataiimsbti@gmail.com
                drksravi.jipmer@gmail.com
                Journal
                Surg Radiol Anat
                Surg Radiol Anat
                Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy
                Springer Paris (Paris )
                0930-1038
                1279-8517
                8 January 2022
                : 1-8
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.413618.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1767 6103, Department of Anatomy, , All India Institute of Medical Sciences, ; Bathinda, India
                [2 ]GRID grid.413618.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1767 6103, Department of Anatomy, , All India Institute of Medical Sciences, ; Patna, India
                [3 ]GRID grid.413618.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1767 6103, Department of Anatomy, , All India Institute of Medical Sciences, ; Rishikesh, India
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-4481
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1404-1298
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5869-1743
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0527-2825
                Article
                2868
                10.1007/s00276-021-02868-6
                8741575
                34997275
                011fe935-5d63-4443-88cf-e1d6b686046e
                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2021

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 12 November 2021
                : 29 November 2021
                Categories
                Teaching Anatomy

                Surgery
                dissection,educational technics,manikins,pedagogy,teaching method,virtual reality
                Surgery
                dissection, educational technics, manikins, pedagogy, teaching method, virtual reality

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