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      • Record: found
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      • Article: found

      Dermal Capillary Clearance: Physiology and Modeling

      review-article
      Author(s): a , b
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Skin Pharmacology and Physiology
      Publisher: S. Karger AG
      Keywords: Dermis, Capillaries, Clearance, Modeling, Permeability, Lymphatics

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Substances applied to the skin surface may permeate deeper tissue layers and pass into the body’s systemic circulation by entering blood or lymphatic vessels in the dermis. The purpose of this review is an in-depth analysis of the dermal clearance/exchange process and its constituents: transport through the interstitium, permeability of the microvascular barrier and removal via the circulation. We adapt an ‘engineering’ viewpoint with emphasis on quantifying the dermal microcirculatory physiology, providing the theoretical framework for the physics of key transport processes and reviewing the available computational clearance models in a comparative manner. Selected experimental data which may serve as valuable input to modeling attempts are also reported.

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          Most cited references110

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          Skin blood flow in adult human thermoregulation: how it works, when it does not, and why.

          Nisha Charkoudian (2003)
          The thermoregulatory control of human skin blood flow is vital to the maintenance of normal body temperatures during challenges to thermal homeostasis. Sympathetic neural control of skin blood flow includes the noradrenergic vasoconstrictor system and a sympathetic active vasodilator system, the latter of which is responsible for 80% to 90% of the substantial cutaneous vasodilation that occurs with whole body heat stress. With body heating, the magnitude of skin vasodilation is striking: skin blood flow can reach 6 to 8 L/min during hyperthermia. Cutaneous sympathetic vasoconstrictor and vasodilator systems also participate in baroreflex control of blood pressure; this is particularly important during heat stress, when such a large percentage of cardiac output is directed to the skin. Local thermal control of cutaneous blood vessels also contributes importantly--local warming of the skin can cause maximal vasodilation in healthy humans and includes roles for both local sensory nerves and nitric oxide. Local cooling of the skin can decrease skin blood flow to minimal levels. During menopause, changes in reproductive hormone levels substantially alter thermoregulatory control of skin blood flow. This altered control might contribute to the occurrence of hot flashes. In type 2 diabetes mellitus, the ability of skin blood vessels to dilate is impaired. This impaired vasodilation likely contributes to the increased risk of heat illness in this patient population during exposure to elevated ambient temperatures. Raynaud phenomenon and erythromelalgia represent cutaneous microvascular disorders whose pathophysiology appears to relate to disorders of local and/or reflex thermoregulatory control of the skin circulation.
          Article 0 comments Cited 170 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The physiology of the lymphatic system.

            M. Swartz (2001)
            This paper presents an overview of the anatomy, physiology, and biology of the lymphatic system specifically relevant to lymphatic drug delivery. We will briefly review the classic fluid and solute transport literature, and also examine the current research in lymphatic endothelial cell biology and tumor metastasis in the lymphatics because of the increasing potential for targeted delivery of immunomodulators, chemotherapeutics, and genetic material to specific lymph nodes (Refs. [1-7]).
            Article 0 comments Cited 162 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Solute Diffusion within Hydrogels. Mechanisms and Models

              Brian Amsden (1998)
              Article 0 comments Cited 134 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): SPP
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Skin Pharmacol Physiol
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1660-5527
                Title: Skin Pharmacology and Physiology
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 1660-5527
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-5535
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2005
                Publication date (Print): April 2005
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 March 2005
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 55-74
                Affiliations
                aUniversity at Buffalo, State University of New York, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Buffalo, N.Y., bUniversity of Cincinnati, College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 83706 Other ID: Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 2005;18:55–74
                DOI: 10.1159/000083706
                PubMed ID: 15767767
                SO-VID: 01a26003-9cd9-44d3-9719-5c8716a6cdea
                Copyright © © 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 07 May 2004
                Date accepted : 10 July 2004
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 8, References: 208, Pages: 20
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy,Pathology,Surgery,Dermatology,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Dermis,Lymphatics,Permeability,Modeling,Capillaries,Clearance
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy, Pathology, Surgery, Dermatology, Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Dermis, Lymphatics, Permeability, Modeling, Capillaries, Clearance

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