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      The use of insects in forensic investigations: An overview on the scope of forensic entomology

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          Abstract

          Forensic entomology is the study of insects/arthropods in criminal investigation. Right from the early stages insects are attracted to the decomposing body and may lay eggs in it. By studying the insect population and the developing larval stages, forensic scientists can estimate the postmortem index, any change in position of the corpse as well as the cause of death. Forensic odontologists are called upon more frequently to collaborate in criminal investigations and hence should be aware of the possibilities that forensic entomology have to offer and use it as an adjunct to the conventional means of forensic investigation.

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          Forensic entomology.

          Jens Amendt, Roman Krettek, Richard Zehner (2004)
          Necrophagous insects are important in the decomposition of cadavers. The close association between insects and corpses and the use of insects in medicocriminal investigations is the subject of forensic entomology. The present paper reviews the historical background of this discipline, important postmortem processes, and discusses the scientific basis underlying attempts to determine the time interval since death. Using medical techniques, such as the measurement of body temperature or analysing livor and rigor mortis, time since death can only be accurately measured for the first two or three days after death. In contrast, by calculating the age of immature insect stages feeding on a corpse and analysing the necrophagous species present, postmortem intervals from the first day to several weeks can be estimated. These entomological methods may be hampered by difficulties associated with species identification, but modern DNA techniques are contributing to the rapid and authoritative identification of necrophagous insects. Other uses of entomological data include the toxicological examination of necrophagous larvae from a corpse to identify and estimate drugs and toxicants ingested by the person when alive and the proof of possible postmortem manipulations. Forensic entomology may even help in investigations dealing with people who are alive but in need of care, by revealing information about cases of neglect.
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            Forensic entomology cases in Thailand: a review of cases from 2000 to 2006.

            Kabkaew L Sukontason, Rungkanta Methanitikorn, Tanin Bhoopat … (2007)
            This paper presents and discusses 30 cases of cadavers that had been transferred for forensic entomology investigations to the Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, northern Thailand, from 2000 to 2006. Variable death scenes were determined, including forested area and suburban and urban outdoor and indoor environments. The fly specimens found in the corpses obtained were the most commonly of the blow fly of family Calliphoridae, and consisted of Chrysomya megacephala (F.), Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) Chrysomya villeneuvi Patton, Chrysomya nigripes Aubertin, Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve, Chrysomya chani Kurahashi, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann), Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Wiedemann), and two unknown species. Flies of the family Muscidae [Hydrotaea spinigera Stein, Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Wulp)], Piophilidae [Piophila casei (L.)], Phoridae [Megaselia scalaris (Loew)], Sarcophagidae [Parasarcophaga ruficornis (F.) and three unknown species], and Stratiomyiidae (Sargus sp.) were also collected from these human remains. Larvae and adults of the beetle, Dermestes maculatus DeGeer (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), were also found in some cases. Chrysomya megacephala and C. rufifacies were the most common species found in the ecologically varied death scene habitats associated with both urban and forested areas, while C. nigripes was commonly discovered in forested places. S. nudiseta was collected only from corpses found in an indoor death scene.
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              Responses of the sheep blowflies Lucilia sericata and L. cuprina to odour and the development of semiochemical baits.

              R. Wall, C Ashworth (1994)
              The literature relating to the attraction of the sheep blowflies Lucilia sericata and Lucilia cuprina to their ovine hosts is reviewed. The responses of the two species are similar and different components of the behaviour leading to host location and oviposition appear to involve at least two distinct sets of semiochemical cues. Activation, upwind orientation and landing appear to occur in response to putrefactive sulphur-rich volatiles, originating from bacterial decomposition products. Oviposition is elicited primarily by the presence of decomposition products. Oviposition is elicited primarily by the presence of ammonia-rich compounds; moisture, pheromones and tactile stimuli may also act as oviposition stimuli. There is a pronounced sex difference in the response of Lucilia to semiochemicals with a higher proportion of females attracted than males and a higher proportion of gravid than non-gravid females. While the mechanisms of host location by Lucilia are of intrinsic interest, understanding the responses to semiochemicals is important in the attempt to develop powerful synthetic baits for deployment with the traps or targets used for population sampling or suppression. The literature is discussed with respect to the development of synthetic semiochemical baits.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Forensic Dent Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JFDS
                Title: Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0975-1475
                ISSN (Electronic): 0975-2137
                Publication date (Print): Jul-Dec 2011
                Volume: 3
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 89-91
                Affiliations
                [1] Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Sree Mookambika Institute of Dental Sciences, Kulashekhram, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. T. Isaac Joseph, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Sree Mookambika Institute of Dental Sciences, Padanilam, Kulashekhram, Kanyakumari – 629161, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail: drisaacj@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: JFDS-3-89
                DOI: 10.4103/0975-1475.92154
                PMC ID: 3296382
                PubMed ID: 22408328
                SO-VID: 01eed2cd-d959-4f37-9faf-ca0778177679
                Copyright © Copyright: © Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Forensic science
                Keywords: postmortem index,maggots,insects,larvae
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Forensic science
                Keywords: postmortem index, maggots, insects, larvae

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