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      “What is the problem with vaccines?” A typology of religious vaccine skepticism

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      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Vaccine: X
      Publisher: Elsevier
      Keywords: Vaccination, Religion, Vaccine hesitancy, Religious vaccine skepticism, Health behavior, Typology

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          Abstract

          Research has identified religion as one of numerous factors that may contribute to delay or refusal of vaccination. The influence of religion on vaccine decisions may be accidental, or it may involve explicit religious objections. By presenting a typology of religious vaccine skepticism, this article seeks to give a comprehensive overview of the essence of these objections and to clarify differences and similarities between them. This knowledge is useful for policy-makers and others who wish to better understand the influence of religion on vaccine decision-making. The typology consists of five main types: (1) a worldview clash type, in which vaccines do not make sense as a health intervention; (2) a divine will type, which represents a form of passive fatalism; (3) an immorality type, which considers some vaccines unethical because of their production or effect; (4) an impurity type, pointing to ingredients that will defile the body; and (5) a conspiracy type, in which a vaccine plot is targeting a religious group.

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          Mapping global trends in vaccine confidence and investigating barriers to vaccine uptake: a large-scale retrospective temporal modelling study

          Alexandre de Figueiredo, Clarissa Simas, Emilie N Karafillakis … (2020)
          Summary Background There is growing evidence of vaccine delays or refusals due to a lack of trust in the importance, safety, or effectiveness of vaccines, alongside persisting access issues. Although immunisation coverage is reported administratively across the world, no similarly robust monitoring system exists for vaccine confidence. In this study, vaccine confidence was mapped across 149 countries between 2015 and 2019. Methods In this large-scale retrospective data-driven analysis, we examined global trends in vaccine confidence using data from 290 surveys done between September, 2015, and December, 2019, across 149 countries, and including 284 381 individuals. We used a Bayesian multinomial logit Gaussian process model to produce estimates of public perceptions towards the safety, importance, and effectiveness of vaccines. Associations between vaccine uptake and a large range of putative drivers of uptake, including vaccine confidence, socioeconomic status, and sources of trust, were determined using univariate Bayesian logistic regressions. Gibbs sampling was used for Bayesian model inference, with 95% Bayesian highest posterior density intervals used to capture uncertainty. Findings Between November, 2015, and December, 2019, we estimate that confidence in the importance, safety, and effectiveness of vaccines fell in Afghanistan, Indonesia, Pakistan, the Philippines, and South Korea. We found significant increases in respondents strongly disagreeing that vaccines are safe between 2015 and 2019 in six countries: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Serbia. We find signs that confidence has improved between 2018 and 2019 in some EU member states, including Finland, France, Ireland, and Italy, with recent losses detected in Poland. Confidence in the importance of vaccines (rather than in their safety or effectiveness) had the strongest univariate association with vaccine uptake compared with other determinants considered. When a link was found between individuals' religious beliefs and uptake, findings indicated that minority religious groups tended to have lower probabilities of uptake. Interpretation To our knowledge, this is the largest study of global vaccine confidence to date, allowing for cross-country comparisons and changes over time. Our findings highlight the importance of regular monitoring to detect emerging trends to prompt interventions to build and sustain vaccine confidence. Funding European Commission, Wellcome, and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.
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            The State of Vaccine Confidence 2016: Global Insights Through a 67-Country Survey

            Heidi Larson, Alexandre de Figueiredo, Zhao Xiahong … (2016)
            Background Public trust in immunization is an increasingly important global health issue. Losses in confidence in vaccines and immunization programmes can lead to vaccine reluctance and refusal, risking disease outbreaks and challenging immunization goals in high- and low-income settings. National and international immunization stakeholders have called for better monitoring of vaccine confidence to identify emerging concerns before they evolve into vaccine confidence crises. Methods We perform a large-scale, data-driven study on worldwide attitudes to immunizations. This survey – which we believe represents the largest survey on confidence in immunization to date – examines perceptions of vaccine importance, safety, effectiveness, and religious compatibility among 65,819 individuals across 67 countries. Hierarchical models are employed to probe relationships between individual- and country-level socio-economic factors and vaccine attitudes obtained through the four-question, Likert-scale survey. Findings Overall sentiment towards vaccinations is positive across all 67 countries, however there is wide variability between countries and across world regions. Vaccine-safety related sentiment is particularly negative in the European region, which has seven of the ten least confident countries, with 41% of respondents in France and 36% of respondents in Bosnia & Herzegovina reporting that they disagree that vaccines are safe (compared to a global average of 13%). The oldest age group (65+) and Roman Catholics (amongst all faiths surveyed) are associated with positive views on vaccine sentiment, while the Western Pacific region reported the highest level of religious incompatibility with vaccines. Countries with high levels of schooling and good access to health services are associated with lower rates of positive sentiment, pointing to an emerging inverse relationship between vaccine sentiments and socio-economic status. Conclusions Regular monitoring of vaccine attitudes – coupled with monitoring of local immunization rates – at the national and sub-national levels can identify populations with declining confidence and acceptance. These populations should be prioritized to further investigate the drivers of negative sentiment and to inform appropriate interventions to prevent adverse public health outcomes.
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              Vaccine hesitancy around the globe: Analysis of three years of WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form data-2015–2017

              Sarah M. Lane, Noni MacDonald, Melanie Marti … (2018)
              Highlights • WHO vaccine hesitancy definition understood; >90% countries report hesitancy. • Long list of reasons, varied by country income level; WHO region, changed overtime. • Most cited: risk-benefit (scientific evidence) equaled <25% of reasons cited. • Reasons cited based on assessments in only 1/3 of countries; need to increase this.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Hanne Amanda Trangerud
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vaccine X
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vaccine X
                Title: Vaccine: X
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2590-1362
                Publication date PMC-release: 07 July 2023
                Publication date Collection: August 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 07 July 2023
                Volume: 14
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100349
                Affiliations
                Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1010 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2590-1362(23)00090-6 Publisher ID: 100349
                DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100349
                PMC ID: 10362305
                SO-VID: 021fc5cc-602f-4453-95cb-3489d916a4be
                Copyright © © 2023 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 27 February 2023
                Date revision received : 30 May 2023
                Date accepted : 6 July 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: vaccination,religion,vaccine hesitancy,religious vaccine skepticism,health behavior,typology
                Data availability:
                Keywords: vaccination, religion, vaccine hesitancy, religious vaccine skepticism, health behavior, typology

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