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      A celebration of the 25th anniversary of chromatin-mediated spindle assembly

      other
      Author(s): a , a , b , * ,
      Editor(s):
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Molecular Biology of the Cell
      Publisher: The American Society for Cell Biology

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          Abstract

          Formation of a bipolar spindle is required for the faithful segregation of chromosomes during cell division. Twenty-five years ago, a transformative insight into how bipolarity is achieved was provided by Rebecca Heald, Eric Karsenti, and colleagues in their landmark publication characterizing a chromatin-mediated spindle assembly pathway in which centrosomes and kinetochores were dispensable. The discovery revealed that bipolar spindle assembly is a self-organizing process where microtubules, which possess an intrinsic polarity, polymerize around chromatin and become sorted by mitotic motors into a bipolar structure. On the 25 th anniversary of this seminal paper, we discuss what was known before, what we have learned since, and what may lie ahead in understanding the bipolar spindle.

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          Dynamic instability of microtubule growth.

          T Mitchison, M. Kirschner (1984)
          We report here that microtubules in vitro coexist in growing and shrinking populations which interconvert rather infrequently. This dynamic instability is a general property of microtubules and may be fundamental in explaining cellular microtubule organization.
          Article 0 comments Cited 351 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Self-organization of microtubules into bipolar spindles around artificial chromosomes in Xenopus egg extracts.

            R. Heald, R Tournebize, T. Blank … (1996)
            Functional nuclei and mitotic spindles are shown to assemble around DNA-coated beads incubated in Xenopus egg extracts. Bipolar spindles assemble in the absence of centrosomes and kinetochores, indicating that bipolarity is an intrinsic property of microtubules assembling around chromatin in a mitotic cytoplasm. Microtubules nucleated at dispersed sites with random polarity rearrange into two arrays of uniform polarity. Spindle-pole formation requires cytoplasmic dynein-dependent translocation of microtubules across one another. It is proposed that spindles form in the absence of centrosomes by motor-dependent sorting of microtubules according to their polarity.
            Article 0 comments Cited 241 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Flies without centrioles.

              Renata Basto, Joyce Lau, Tatiana Vinogradova … (2006)
              Centrioles and centrosomes have an important role in animal cell organization, but it is uncertain to what extent they are essential for animal development. The Drosophila protein DSas-4 is related to the human microcephaly protein CenpJ and the C. elegans centriolar protein Sas-4. We show that DSas-4 is essential for centriole replication in flies. DSas-4 mutants start to lose centrioles during embryonic development, and, by third-instar larval stages, no centrioles or centrosomes are detectable. Mitotic spindle assembly is slow in mutant cells, and approximately 30% of the asymmetric divisions of larval neuroblasts are abnormal. Nevertheless, mutant flies develop with near normal timing into morphologically normal adults. These flies, however, have no cilia or flagella and die shortly after birth because their sensory neurons lack cilia. Thus, centrioles are essential for the formation of centrosomes, cilia, and flagella, but, remarkably, they are not essential for most aspects of Drosophila development.
              Article 0 comments Cited 227 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Keith Kozminski: Role: Monitoring Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mol Biol Cell
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mol Biol Cell
                Journal ID (hwp): molbiolcell
                Journal ID (publisher-id): mboc
                Title: Molecular Biology of the Cell
                Publisher: The American Society for Cell Biology
                ISSN (Print): 1059-1524
                ISSN (Electronic): 1939-4586
                Publication date Collection: 01 February 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 January 2022
                Volume: 33
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: rt1
                Affiliations
                [a ]Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
                [b ]Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
                University of Virginia
                Author notes
                *Address correspondence to: Thomas J. Maresca ( tmaresca@ 123456umass.edu ).
                Article
                Publisher ID: E21-08-0400
                DOI: 10.1091/mbc.E21-08-0400
                PMC ID: 9236140
                PubMed ID: 35076260
                SO-VID: 029f3448-bf0c-4728-a495-f31cd5e9a8f7
                Copyright © © 2022 Verma and Maresca. “ASCB®,” “The American Society for Cell Biology®,” and “Molecular Biology of the Cell®” are registered trademarks of The American Society for Cell Biology.
                License:

                This article is distributed by The American Society for Cell Biology under license from the author(s). Two months after publication it is available to the public under an Attribution–Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International Creative Commons License.

                History
                Date received : 01 October 2021
                Date revision received : 18 November 2021
                Date accepted : 19 November 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Retrospective

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology

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