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Abstract

It has been almost 25 years since Doll and Peto performed their landmark analysis of epidemiological data to identify the causes of cancers and possible modes of cancer prevention. Since then, there have been many additional studies of cancer incidence using various epidemiological techniques. These studies revealed expanded opportunities for cancer prevention through approaches that include vaccination, increased physical activity, weight control and avoidance of post-menopausal hormone therapy.

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Most cited references 57

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Role of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor growth and angiogenesis.

Daniel Hicklin, Lee Ellis (2005)

New blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) is a fundamental event in the process of tumor growth and metastatic dissemination. Hence, the molecular basis of tumor angiogenesis has been of keen interest in the field of cancer research. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway is well established as one of the key regulators of this process. The VEGF/VEGF-receptor axis is composed of multiple ligands and receptors with overlapping and distinct ligand-receptor binding specificities, cell-type expression, and function. Activation of the VEGF-receptor pathway triggers a network of signaling processes that promote endothelial cell growth, migration, and survival from pre-existing vasculature. In addition, VEGF mediates vessel permeability, and has been associated with malignant effusions. More recently, an important role for VEGF has emerged in mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells from the bone marrow to distant sites of neovascularization. The well-established role of VEGF in promoting tumor angiogenesis and the pathogenesis of human cancers has led to the rational design and development of agents that selectively target this pathway. Studies with various anti-VEGF/VEGF-receptor therapies have shown that these agents can potently inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth in preclinical models. Recently, an anti-VEGF antibody (bevacizumab), when used in combination with chemotherapy, was shown to significantly improve survival and response rates in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and thus, validate VEGF pathway inhibitors as an important new treatment modality in cancer therapy.

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Randomized, Controlled Trials, Observational Studies, and the Hierarchy of Research Designs

John Concato, Nirav Shah, Ralph Horwitz (2000)

New England Journal of Medicine, 342(25), 1887-1892

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Tobacco carcinogens, their biomarkers and tobacco-induced cancer.

Stephen S. Hecht (2003)

The devastating link between tobacco products and human cancers results from a powerful alliance of two factors - nicotine and carcinogens. Without either one of these, tobacco would be just another commodity, instead of being the single greatest cause of death due to preventable cancer. Nicotine is addictive and toxic, but it is not carcinogenic. This addiction, however, causes people to use tobacco products continually, and these products contain many carcinogens. What are the mechanisms by which this deadly combination leads to 30% of cancer-related deaths in developed countries, and how can carcinogen biomarkers help to reveal these mechanisms?

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PubMed ID:: 16372016

DOI:: 10.1038/nrc1784

ScienceOpen disciplines: Chemistry

Keywords: Early Diagnosis,Epidemiologic Studies,Genetic Predisposition to Disease,Humans,Neoplasms,epidemiology,etiology,prevention & control,Risk Factors

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Chemistry

Keywords: Early Diagnosis, Epidemiologic Studies, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Neoplasms, epidemiology, etiology, prevention & control, Risk Factors

Epidemiology - identifying the causes and preventability of cancer?

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Abstract

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Photoluminescent Nanomaterials

Most cited references 57

Role of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor growth and angiogenesis.

Randomized, Controlled Trials, Observational Studies, and the Hierarchy of Research Designs

Tobacco carcinogens, their biomarkers and tobacco-induced cancer.

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