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      Toxocara infection: seroprevalence and associated risk factors among primary school children in central China Translated title: Infection à Toxocara : séroprévalence et facteurs de risque associés chez les enfants des écoles primaires du centre de la Chine

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          Abstract

          Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease that poses a threat to public health worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the seroprevalence of Toxocara infection among primary school children in Henan province, central China, which was previously unknown. Sera from 2451 primary school children were collected from September 2015 to October 2018, and evaluated for anti- Toxocara antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The overall seroprevalence of Toxocara infection was 5.14% (126/2451). The main risk factors related to Toxocara infection identified in this study were the age of children, residence area of children, contact with cats or dogs, and exposure to soil. Hand washing before eating was considered to be a protective factor. These findings demonstrate that Toxocara infection is relatively common among primary school children in Henan province.

          Translated abstract

          La toxocarose est une zoonose qui représente une menace pour la santé publique dans le monde. Dans la présente étude, nous avons étudié la séroprévalence de l’infection à Toxocara chez les enfants des écoles primaires de la province du Henan, en Chine centrale, qui était auparavant inconnue. Des sérums de 2451 enfants du primaire ont été collectés de septembre 2015 à octobre 2018 et évalués pour les anticorps anti- Toxocara par dosage immuno-enzymatique (ELISA). La séroprévalence globale de l’infection à Toxocara était de 5,14 % (126/2451). Les principaux facteurs de risque liés à l’infection à Toxocara identifiés dans cette étude étaient l’âge des enfants, la zone de résidence des enfants, le contact avec des chats ou des chiens et l’exposition au sol. Le lavage des mains avant de manger a été considéré comme un facteur de protection. Ces résultats démontrent que l’infection à Toxocara est relativement courante chez les enfants des écoles primaires de la province du Henan.

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          Most cited references39

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          Human toxocariasis.

          Parasitic nematodes of the genus Toxocara are socioeconomically important zoonotic pathogens. These parasites are usually directly transmitted to the human host via the faecal-oral route and can cause toxocariasis and associated complications, including allergic and neurological disorders. Although tens of millions of people are estimated to be exposed to or infected with Toxocara spp, global epidemiological information on the relationship between seropositivity and toxocariasis is limited. Recent findings suggest that the effect of toxocariasis on human health is increasing in some countries. Here we review the salient background on Toxocara and biology, summarise key aspects of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of toxocariasis, describe what is known about its geographic distribution and prevalence, and make some recommendations for future research towards the prevention and control of this important disease.
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            Human toxocariasis – A look at a neglected disease through an epidemiological ‘prism’

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              Environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in public parks and playground sandpits of Greater Lisbon, Portugal.

              Toxocarosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease transmitted from companion animals to humans. Environmental contamination with Toxocara eggs is considered to be the main source of human infections. In Portugal, knowledge regarding the current situation, including density, distribution and environmental contamination by Toxocara spp., is largely unknown. The present study investigated environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs, in soil and faecal samples collected from public parks and playground sandpits in Greater Lisbon, Portugal. A total of 151 soil samples and 135 canine faecal samples were collected from 7 public sandpits and 12 public parks, over a 4 month-period. Soil samples were tested by a modified centrifugation and sedimentation/flotation technique and faecal samples were tested by an adaptation of the Cornell-Wisconsin method. Molecular analysis and sequencing were performed to discriminate Toxocara species in the soil. Overall, 85.7% of the sandpits (6/7) and 50.0% of the parks (6/12) were contaminated with Toxocara spp. eggs. The molecular analysis of soil samples showed that, 85.5% of the sandpits and 34.4% of the parks were contaminated with Toxocara cati eggs. Faecal analysis showed that 12.5% of the sandpits and 3.9% of the parks contained Toxocara canis eggs. In total, 53.0% of soil and 5.9% of faecal samples were positive for Toxocara spp. Additionally, 56.0% of the eggs recovered from the samples were embryonated after 60 days of incubation, therefore considered viable and infective. The average density was 4.2 eggs per hundred grams of soil. Public parks and playground sandpits in the Lisbon area were found to be heavily contaminated with T. cati eggs, representing a serious menace to public health as the studied areas represent common places where people of all ages, particularly children, recreate. This study sounds an alarm bell regarding the necessity to undertake effective measures such as reduction of stray animals, active faecal collection by pet owners, awareness campaigns and control strategies to decrease the high risk to both animal and human health.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2020
                05 May 2020
                : 27
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2020/01 )
                : 30
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang 453003 Henan PR China
                [2 ] MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 Jiangsu PR China
                Author notes
                [a]

                Authors who contributed equally to this paper.

                Article
                parasite200046 10.1051/parasite/2020028
                10.1051/parasite/2020028
                7202827
                32374716
                02cd3c8d-bd83-42a4-aa78-db76b7c6ade0
                © S. Wang et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2020

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 22 March 2020
                : 21 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 39, Pages: 5
                Categories
                Short Note

                toxocara,primary school children,seroprevalence,risk factors,central china

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