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Low BUB1 expression is an adverse prognostic marker in gastric adenocarcinoma
research-article
Author(s):
David Stahl
1 ,
Martin Braun
1 ,
Andrew J. Gentles
2 ,
Philipp Lingohr
3 ,
Adeline Walter
4 ,
Glen Kristiansen
1 ,
Ines Gütgemann
1
Publication date (Electronic):
18 July 2017
Journal:
Oncotarget
Publisher:
Impact Journals LLC
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Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinomas are associated with a poor prognosis due to the fact that the tumor has often metastasized by the time of diagnosis and prognostic markers are urgently needed to tailor treatment.
We examined the expression of the mitotic spindle checkpoint protein BUB1 (budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1) and Ki-67 protein expression by immunohistochemistry in 218 patients with primary gastric adenocarcinomas.
Tumors with low frequency of BUB1 expression were associated with larger tumor size (pT) (p < 0.001), higher incidence of lymph node metastases (pN) (p = 0.027), distant metastases (pM) (p = 0.006) and higher UICC stage (p < 0.001). Furthermore, BUB1 expression was inversely correlated with residual tumor stage (p = 0.038). Abundant BUB1 protein expression correlated with frequent Ki-67 protein expression (p < 0.001) and low BUB1 expression was associated with shorter survival (p < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed BUB1 to be an independent prognostic marker in gastric cancer (p = 0.021).
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Most cited references33
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Targeting Mitosis in Cancer: Emerging Strategies.
The cell cycle is an evolutionarily conserved process necessary for mammalian cell growth and development. Because cell-cycle aberrations are a hallmark of cancer, this process has been the target of anti-cancer therapeutics for decades. However, despite numerous clinical trials, cell-cycle-targeting agents have generally failed in the clinic. This review briefly examines past cell-cycle-targeted therapeutics and outlines how experience with these agents has provided valuable insight to refine and improve anti-mitotic strategies. An overview of emerging anti-mitotic approaches with promising pre-clinical results is provided, and the concept of exploiting the genomic instability of tumor cells through therapeutic inhibition of mitotic checkpoints is discussed. We believe this strategy has a high likelihood of success given its potential to enhance therapeutic index by targeting tumor-specific vulnerabilities. This reasoning stimulated our development of novel inhibitors targeting the critical regulators of genomic stability and the mitotic checkpoint: AURKA, PLK4, and Mps1/TTK.
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Proliferation markers and survival in early breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 85 studies in 32,825 patients.
R Stuart-Harris, C. Caldas, S.E. Pinder … (2008)
We have performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of proliferation markers (Ki-67, mitotic index (MI), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and thymidine or bromodeoxyuridine labelling index (LI)) with respect to survival in early breast cancer. Eighty-five studies involving 32,825 patients were analysed. Ki-67 (43 studies, 15,790 patients), MI (20 studies, 7021 patients), and LI (11 studies, 7337 patients) were associated with significantly shorter overall and disease free survival, using results from univariate and multivariate analyses from the individual studies. PCNA (11 studies, 2677 patients) was associated with shorter overall survival by multivariate analysis only, because of lack of data. There was some evidence for publication bias, but all markers remained significant after allowing for this. Ki-67, MI, PCNA and LI are associated with worse survival outcomes in early breast cancer. However, whether these proliferation markers provide additional prognostic information to commonly used prognostic indices remains unclear.
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Bub1 overexpression induces aneuploidy and tumor formation through Aurora B kinase hyperactivation
Robin Ricke, Karthik Jeganathan, Jan van Deursen (2011)
Introduction During M phase, replicated chromosomes are evenly distributed into daughter cells. Inaccurate chromosome segregation can result in the loss or gain of whole chromosomes, a status referred to as aneuploidy (Ricke et al., 2008). Aneuploidy is observed in 80–90% of human cancers and associated with poor clinical outcome, but its role in malignant cell transformation remains ambiguous (Holland and Cleveland, 2009; Schvartzman et al., 2010). To ensure faithful chromosome segregation, eukaryotic cells have developed a surveillance system, the mitotic checkpoint, which delays anaphase onset until all kinetochores are properly attached to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles (Nezi and Musacchio, 2009). One of the core components of this checkpoint is Bub1 (Roberts et al., 1994; Taylor and McKeon, 1997). In prophase, this serine/threonine protein kinase accumulates at unattached kinetochores where it mediates the recruitment of Mad1–Mad2 dimers (Sharp-Baker and Chen, 2001; Meraldi and Sorger, 2005; Jeganathan et al., 2007). These Mad1–Mad2 dimers produce a diffusible anaphase wait signal consisting of protein complexes of Bub3, BubR1, and Mad2 (Sudakin et al., 2001; Luo et al., 2002; Sironi et al., 2002; Kulukian et al., 2009). These complexes bind to and inhibit Cdc20, the activating subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates orderly separation of chromosomes by targeting various cell cycle regulators for degradation by the 26S proteasome at specific mitotic stages (Peters, 2006). Bub1 not only regulates APC/C activity via kinetochore recruitment of Mad1–Mad2, but has also been proposed to inhibit APC/C activity directly through phosphorylation of Cdc20 (Chung and Chen, 2003; Tang et al., 2004a). In addition to the Mad proteins, several other mitotic proteins are dependent on Bub1 for efficient recruitment to unattached kinetochores, including BubR1, Cenp-E, and Sgo1 (Sharp-Baker and Chen, 2001; Tang et al., 2004b; Morrow et al., 2005; Jeganathan et al., 2007; Perera et al., 2007). BubR1 and Cenp-E both function in microtubule–kinetochore attachment and failure to recruit these proteins at unattached kinetochores is known to cause chromosome missegregation (Wood et al., 1997; Yao et al., 2000; Lampson and Kapoor, 2005; Malureanu et al., 2009). Sgo1, on the other hand, acts to maintain centromeric cohesion of duplicated chromosomes until bi-orientation has been accomplished (Tang et al., 2004b; Boyarchuk et al., 2007; Kawashima et al., 2010). The current model is that Bub1 phosphorylates threonine 121 of histone H2A at inner centromeres (Kawashima et al., 2010), thereby creating a local docking site for Sgo1. In turn, Sgo1 then allows for recruitment of PP2A to inner centromeres, a protein phosphatase that retains cohesin at centromeres by counteracting Plk1 kinase activity (Tang et al., 2006). Mutations in Bub1 and other mitotic checkpoint genes are relatively rare in human cancers (Cahill et al., 1998, 1999; Gemma et al., 2000; Jaffrey et al., 2000; Sato et al., 2000). On the other hand, deregulation of mitotic checkpoint gene expression seems to occur at much higher incidence. For instance, reduced Bub1 expression has been detected in a subset of lung, colon, and pancreatic tumors (Shichiri et al., 2002; Hempen et al., 2003). Mouse models mimicking these reductions are prone to aneuploidy and cancer, indicating that Bub1 insufficiency can increase cancer risk (Jeganathan et al., 2007; Baker et al., 2009; Schliekelman et al., 2009). A far more common event in human tumors may be up-regulation of mitotic factors and several studies have found high Bub1 levels in subsets of breast and gastric cancers, and lymphomas (Alizadeh et al., 2000; Shigeishi et al., 2001; van’t Veer et al., 2002; Grabsch et al., 2003, 2004; Basso et al., 2005). Furthermore, independent studies of diverse tumor types have identified Bub1 as a gene whose up-regulation correlates with poor clinical prognosis (Sotiriou et al., 2003; Glinsky et al., 2005; Nakagawa et al., 2008). Based on these observations, it is tempting to speculate that there might be a causal relationship between up-regulation of Bub1 and tumorigenesis. However, because Bub1 expression is relatively high in proliferating cells compared with quiescent or differentiated cells (Perera et al., 2007), increased Bub1 levels may simply represent an increase in the mitotic index of the tumors compared with neighboring tissue. Thus, even though elevated Bub1 gene expression seems to be a useful prognostic marker for systemic progression of certain types of tumors, whether high Bub1 levels can drive neoplastic transformation and/or tumor aggressiveness has not yet been established. In addition, the molecular and physiological consequences of Bub1 up-regulation are not known. To address these key questions, we generated transgenic mouse strains that overexpress Bub1 in a wide variety of tissues. Here, we demonstrate that Bub1 overexpression causes chromosome misalignment and chromosome lagging resulting in near-diploid aneuploidies. We further show that high Bub1 levels lead to aberrant phosphorylation of H2A and hyperactivation of Aurora B kinase. We find that high-fidelity chromosome segregation in Bub1 transgenic cells can be restored by inhibition of Aurora B, implying that Aurora B is the critical target through which overexpressed Bub1 drives aneuploidization. Furthermore, we show that Bub1 overexpression drives spontaneous tumorigenesis and accelerates the development of Eµ-Myc–induced lymphomas, firmly establishing that Bub1 has oncogenic properties. Results Generation of Bub1 transgenic mice To test whether Bub1 has oncogenic properties in vivo, we generated transgenic mice that express the mouse Bub1 coding sequence under control of the CMV early enhancer/chicken β-actin (CAGGS) promoter (Fig. 1 A). To facilitate transgene detection, the Bub1 start codon was replaced by a double hemagglutinin (HA) tag sequence. EGFP was coexpressed from an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) to serve as a reporter for HA-Bub1 expression. Two independent HA-Bub1 transgenic mouse lines were obtained. Hereafter we will refer to these lines as Bub1 T85 (T85) and Bub1 T264 (T264). Mice of both transgenic lines were overtly normal and obtained at expected Mendelian frequency (unpublished data). The mouse genetic background was mixed 129SV/E X C57BL/6. Western blot analysis of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), testis, and ovary from pure C57BL/6 and 129 wild-type mice confirmed that genetic background itself does not vary Bub1 levels (Fig. S1, A and B). Furthermore, there were no differences in karyotypic stability between MEFs derived from pure C57BL/6 and 129 mice (Fig. S1 C). Figure 1. Bub1 transgenic mice overexpress Bub1 protein in a wide variety of tissues and cell types. (A) Overview of the approach used to generate Bub1 transgenic mouse strains. (Top) Transgenic mice were generated in which the HA-Bub1 and EGFP transgenes are inactive due to the presence of a floxed β-geo “STOP” cassette (consisting of β-galactosidase-neomycin fusion gene and three tandemly arranged polyadenylation sites) immediately downstream of the CAGGS promoter. We bred these transgenics to protamine-Cre transgenic mice (O’Gorman et al., 1997) to excise the STOP cassette in the male germline. (Bottom) Breeding of double-transgenic males to wild-type females, yielded offspring in which the CAGGS promoter was juxtaposed with the HA-Bub1 and EGFP coding regions in all cells. IRES, internal ribosomal entry site; PA, protamine. (B) Immunoblot analysis of mitotic and asynchronous lysates from transgenic and wild-type primary MEFs. Blots were probed for endogenous Bub1 (Bub1), exogenous HA-Bub1 (HA), and GFP (GFP). Actin and pH3 were used as loading controls. (C) QRT-PCR for Bub1 transcripts in cycling MEFs of the indicated genotypes. Orange and black arrows mark primer positions for analysis of total (endogenous and exogenous, p1/p2) and endogenous Bub1 (p3/p4), respectively. Data shown are the mean ± SEM (n = 3 independent cell lines, in triplicate). Values were normalized to TBP. (D) EGFP fluorescence from 1-d-old pups of the indicated genotypes. (E) Representative images of wild-type, Bub1 T85, and Bub1 T264 MEFs in prometaphase coimmunostained with anti-Bub1 and anti-centromere antibodies. DNA was visualized with Hoechst. Bar, 10 µm. (F) Total Bub1 transcripts in various tissues and cell types from mice of the indicated genotypes (primer pair p1/p2 was used in this qRT-PCR analysis). Data shown are the mean ± SEM (n = 3 mice per genotype, in triplicate). Values were normalized to TBP except bone marrow, which was normalized to GAPDH. (G) Western blot analysis of extracts of the indicated tissues and cell types for Bub1. Ponceau S served as a loading control. To assess the level of Bub1 overexpression in Bub1 T85 and Bub1 T264 mice, we first performed Western blot analysis on MEFs derived from these mice. As shown in Fig. 1 B, mitotic extracts from Bub1 T85 and Bub1 T264 MEFs had substantially higher Bub1 protein levels than those from wild-type MEFs. Bub1 T264 MEFs showed the highest levels of Bub1 overexpression and are estimated to contain six- to sevenfold more Bub1 than wild-type MEFs (Fig. S1 D). Very similar results were obtained with cell extracts from asynchronous MEF cultures (Fig. 1 B). Bub1 expression levels were further examined using quantitative (q)RT-PCR. Total (endogenous and transgenic) Bub1 transcript levels were 15- and 67-fold increased compared with wild type in Bub1 T85 and Bub1 T264 MEFs, respectively (Fig. 1 C). The difference in transgene expression between the Bub1 T85 and Bub1 T264 MEFs correlated with EGFP levels in newborn pups (Fig. 1 D). Immunolabeling experiments with polyclonal antibodies revealed that the level of kinetochore-associated Bub1 is substantially higher in transgenic MEFs than in wild-type MEFs, with Bub1 T264 MEFs showing the most profound increase (Fig. 1 E). Immunostaining for HA confirmed that HA-Bub1 is properly targeted to kinetochores at mitosis onset (not depicted). The CAGGS promoter cassette that we used is known to be ubiquitously active in mice (Novak et al., 2000). To investigate the tissue distribution of transgene expression in Bub1 T85 and Bub1 T264 mice, we collected a variety of tissues from 6–8-wk-old mice and extracted RNA for qRT-PCR analysis. As shown in Fig. 1 F, most tissues from transgenic mice have substantially higher Bub1 transcript levels than corresponding wild-type tissues, although the actual fold increase varied per tissue. Furthermore, although Bub1 T264 transgenic mice expressed higher transcript levels than Bub1 T85 mice in several tissues, including fat, eye, and small intestine, other tissues, like brain, lung, and large intestine, showed quite similar transcript levels. A complementary analysis of the relative expression levels of Bub1 per organ is presented in Fig. S1 E. Furthermore, Western blot analysis of protein extracts from select tissues of wild-type and Bub1 T264 mice yielded results that were consistent with those obtained by qRT-PCR analysis (Fig. 1 G). Taken together, these data indicate that our transgenic mouse lines widely overexpress Bub1. Bub1 overexpression causes chromosome missegregation and near diploid aneuploidy To determine if Bub1 overexpression affects karyotype stability, we performed chromosome counts on metaphase spreads of passage 5 (P5) wild-type, Bub1 T85, and Bub1 T264 MEFs. Aneuploidy was observed in 11% of wild-type spreads (Table I). In contrast, aneuploidy rates were substantially higher in both Bub1 T85 and Bub1 T264 MEFs, with 21% and 25% of cells showing aneuploidy, respectively (Table I). Moreover, we observed premature sister chromatid separation (PMSCS) in 8 and 12% of Bub1 T85 and Bub1 T264 spreads, respectively, but only in 1–3% of wild-type MEFs (Table I). Like wild-type MEFs, metaphase spreads of Bub1 transgenic MEFs had no overtly detectable structural chromosome abnormalities, such as chromosome breaks, gaps, and fusions (unpublished data). Table I. Overexpression of Bub1 in MEFs induces progressive near-diploid aneuploidy MEF genotype (n) Mitotic figures inspected Aneuploid figures (SD) Karyotypes with indicated chromosome number Mitotic figures with PMSCS (SD) 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 % % WT (3) 150 11 (1) 2 1 5 133 7 2 1 (1) Bub1 T85 (3) 150 21 (1) 2 1 9 118 15 5 8 (0) WT (3) 150 11 (1) 5 133 8 3 1 3 (1) Bub1 T264 (3) 150 25 (1) 1 3 22 113 9 2 12 (1) Empty spaces mean that there were no karyotypes with the indicated chromosome number. Karyotyping was performed at passage 5. Chromosome counts on hepatic lymphocytes revealed that Bub1 T85 and Bub1 T264 mice already had acquired substantial aneuploidy at birth (Table II). An even higher rate of aneuploidy was observed in splenic lymphocytes of 6-wk-old Bub1 T85 and Bub1 T264 mice, with 31 and 30% of spreads showing aneuploidy, respectively. However, no further increases were observed at 5 mo of age. PMSCS rates were very low in both Bub1 T85 and Bub1 T264 lymphocytes (Table II), indicating that Bub1 overexpression does not aberrantly affect chromosome cohesin in this cell type. Furthermore, there was no evidence for overt structural chromosome instability in Bub1 transgenic lymphocytes (unpublished data). Table II. Increasing aneuploidy in lymphocytes from Bub1 transgenic mice Mouse genotype Age (n) Mitotic figures inspected Aneuploid figures (SD) Karyotypes with indicated chromosome number Mitotic figures with PMSCS (SD) 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 % % WT 1 d (3) 150 1 (1) 1 148 1 1 (1) WT 6 wk (3) 150 2 (2) 2 147 1 1 (2) WT 5 mo (3) 150 4 (0) 1 2 144 3 1 (1) Bub1 T85 1 d (3) 150 21 (3) 3 3 5 14 119 5 1 3 (1) Bub1 T85 6 wk (3) 150 31 (2) 1 8 17 104 13 4 3 3 (1) Bub1 T85 5 mo (3) 150 35 (6) 4 4 11 23 97 8 3 1 (2) Bub1 T264 1 d (3) 150 15 (2) 2 1 4 8 127 7 1 0 (0) Bub1 T264 6 wk (3) 150 30 (3) 4 1 6 15 105 14 5 3 (1) Bub1 T264 5 mo (3) 150 28 (2) 2 1 8 16 108 12 3 6 (3) Empty spaces mean that there were no karyotypes with the indicated chromosome number. To assess the mitotic defects that promote aneuploidy due to increased Bub1, we monitored chromosome segregation in primary transgenic MEFs through an unperturbed mitosis by live-cell imaging (van Ree et al., 2010). MEFs were infected with a lentivirus encoding mRFP-H2B to permit visualization of chromosomes by fluorescence microscopy. The common defect in both clones of Bub1 transgenic MEFs was chromosome lagging (Fig. 2, A and B), a defect believed to be caused by the aberrant attachment of one kinetochore to both spindle poles, referred to as merotelic attachment. Recent studies indicate that such attachments can result from spindle defects caused by centrosome amplification (Ganem et al., 2009; Silkworth et al., 2009). However, this mechanism is unlikely to underlie merotely in Bub1 transgenic MEFs because Bub1 T264 MEFs showed no evidence of supernumerary centrosomes when immunostained for centrin 2 (Fig. S2 A). Figure 2. Bub1 overexpression causes chromosome missegregation. (A) Live-cell imaging analysis of chromosome segregation defects in primary MEFs with indicated genotypes. (B) Representative images of cells with indicated chromosome missegregation events. Bar, 10 µm. To determine whether chromosome segregation initiated in the presence of unaligned chromosomes would be corrected with more time in mitosis, we extended metaphase with the addition of MG132. Under these conditions, Bub1 T264 MEFs were able to obtain full alignment with kinetics similar to wild-type MEFs (Fig. S2 B), raising the possibility that Bub1 overexpression drives misalignment by accelerating time to anaphase onset. To explore this, we followed mRFP-H2B–positive transgenic and wild-type MEFs through mitosis and calculated the duration of each mitotic stage. We found that mitotic timing of Bub1 T264 MEFs was comparable to wild-type and Bub1 T85 MEFs (Fig. S2 C). Alternatively, because Bub1 is a key component of the mitotic checkpoint, the chromosome segregation defects observed in Bub1 transgenic MEFs might be due to mitotic checkpoint weakening. To assay for this, we challenged primary MEFs with two different spindle poisons, nocodazole or taxol, in cells that were infected with lentivirus encoding mRFP-H2B (van Ree et al., 2010). Importantly, Bub1 T85 and Bub1 T264 MEFs were equally able to maintain an arrest in response to nocodazole or taxol, similar to wild type (Fig. S2, D and E). Consistent with this, we found that kinetochore localization of core mitotic checkpoint proteins that accumulate at unattached kinetochores, including BubR1, Cdc20, Mad2, and Cenp-E, was normal in Bub1 transgenic MEFs (Fig. S2 F, and unpublished data). Together, these data suggested that Bub1 overexpression does not interfere with mitotic checkpoint signaling or kinetochore assembly, and imply that the chromosome segregation defects observed in Bub1 transgenic MEFs are invisible from either checkpoint detection or resolution, and not due to rapid anaphase onset. Bub1 overexpression leads to aberrant substrate phosphorylation Selective loss of Bub1 kinase activity in HeLa cells has been shown to promote chromosome misalignment (Meraldi and Sorger, 2005; Klebig et al., 2009), suggesting that Bub1’s catalytic activity plays a role in microtubule–kinetochore attachment. To test whether Bub1 overexpression leads to aberrant catalytic activity, we made use of the recent discovery that Bub1 kinase phosphorylates histone H2A at threonine 121 in humans (Kawashima et al., 2010), a site that is conserved in mouse. In wild-type MEFs, pT121-H2A antibody stained kinetochores in prophase and prometaphase (Fig. 3 A). This staining remained detectable in metaphase but at reduced intensity, and was completely abolished when cells progressed to anaphase. In prophase, H2A phosphorylation at centromeres was much higher in Bub1 T264 MEFs than in wild-type MEFs. Furthermore, in prometaphase, H2A phosphorylation was not only much higher at centromeres, but now also occurred along chromosome arms (Fig. 3 A). In metaphase, H2A phosphorylation persisted at both locations, but was less abundant than in prometaphase. In anaphase, no H2A phosphorylation was detectable, similar to wild-type MEFs (Fig. 3 A). The pattern of H2A phosphorylation in Bub1 T85 MEFs mirrored that of Bub1 T264 MEFs, although the amount of phosphorylation at centromeres and chromosome arms was typically lower than in Bub1 T264 MEFs (Fig. 3, B and C), suggesting that Bub1 overexpression correlates with aberrant Bub1 catalytic activity. Consistently, by Western blotting we observed more phosphorylated H2A in an asynchronous population of cells in Bub1 T264 cells compared with wild type (Fig. 3 D). Figure 3. Bub1 overexpression results in aberrant Bub1 substrate phosphorylation. (A) Representative images of wild-type and Bub1 T264 MEFs at the indicated stages of mitosis that were immunostained for pT121-H2A and centromeres. DNA was visualized with Hoechst. Bar, 10 µm. (B) Representative images of wild-type, Bub1 T85, and Bub1 T264 prometaphases that were immunostained for pT121-H2A and centromeres. DNA was visualized with Hoechst. Bar, 10 µm. (C) Quantification of pT121-H2A signal of images from B. Data shown are the average of three independent lines and error bars represent SEM. (D) Protein extracts from cycling MEFs of the indicated genotype were blotted and probed for Bub1, pT121-H2A, H2A, and pS10-H3. (E) Representative images of wild-type, Bub1 T85, and Bub1 T264 prometaphases that were immunostained for centromeres and Sgo1. DNA was visualized with Hoechst. Bar, 10 µm. (F) Quantification of Sgo1 signal of images from E. Data are the average of three independent lines and error bars represent SEM. Kawashima et al. (2010) reported H2A phosphorylation of the entire chromosome by ectopically expressed Bub1 kinase domain fused to H2B results in relocation of centromere-associated Sgo1 to chromosome arms. However, we found that Sgo1 was properly localized to the centromeric regions of Bub1 T85 MEFs in prometaphase (Fig. 3 E), when H2A phosphorylation was high along chromosome arms (Fig. 3, B and C). Although Bub1 T264 MEFs had slightly reduced Sgo1 levels at inner centromeric regions (Fig. 3, E and F), there was no detectable increase in Sgo1 staining along chromosome arms in any Bub1 T264 cell analyzed. An inverse relationship between Bub1 and Sgo1 abundance at kinetochores has previously been reported (Pouwels et al., 2007; Daum et al., 2009), although the exact nature of the relationship is currently unclear. Overexpression of Bub1 results in Aurora B hyperactivation Earlier in vitro studies using Xenopus oocyte extracts have suggested that Bub1 not only phosphorylates H2A but also INCENP, although the precise residues targeted by Bub1 remain to be identified (Boyarchuk et al., 2007). INCENP is a component of the chromosome passenger complex (CPC), which further consists of Aurora B, Borealin, Survivin, and TD-60 (Carmena et al., 2009). It has been proposed that INCENP binding to Aurora B activates basal Aurora B kinase activity, and that phosphorylation of INCENP by Bub1 induces a feedback loop of additional activation (Kang et al., 2001; Bishop and Schumacher, 2002; Honda et al., 2003; Sessa et al., 2005; Boyarchuk et al., 2007). These findings prompted the hypothesis that Bub1 hyperactivity in transgenic MEFs might deregulate the proper control of Aurora B kinase activity, an idea that was reinforced by reports demonstrating that Aurora B contributes to the regulation of kinetochore–microtubule attachment (Cimini et al., 2006). Aurora B does this, at least in part, through regulating the microtubule-depolymerizing activity of MCAK and the microtubule-capturing activity of Ndc80/Hec1 (Andrews et al., 2004; Cheeseman et al., 2006; Knowlton et al., 2006). To explore the role of Aurora B in chromosome missegregation induced by Bub1 overexpression, we first asked whether Aurora B kinase activity was aberrantly affected in Bub1 transgenic MEFs. As a functional assessment of Aurora B activity, we measured the degree of Cenp-A and Knl1 phosphorylation using immunofluorescence microscopy (Zeitlin et al., 2001; Welburn et al., 2010). In prophase, phosphorylated Cenp-A (pCenpA) and phosphorylated Knl1 (pKnl1) staining were both significantly higher in Bub1 T264 MEFs than in wild-type MEFs (Fig. 4, A–D), indicating that Aurora B might indeed become hyperactive upon Bub1 overexpression. Figure 4. Aurora B activity is increased in Bub1-overexpressing cells. (A) Representative images of wild-type and Bub1 T264 prophase cells immunostained for pCenp-A and centromeres. DNA was visualized with Hoechst. Bar, 10 µm. (B) Quantification of the pCenp-A signal using ImageJ software. Error bars represent SEM. *, P < 0.05 vs. wild type (unpaired t test). (C) Representative images of wild-type and Bub1 T264 prophase cells immunostained for pKnl1 and centromeres. DNA was visualized with Hoechst. Bar, 10 µm. (D) Quantification of the pKnl1 signal using ImageJ software. Error bars represent SEM. *, P < 0.05 vs. wild type (unpaired t test). (E) Mitotic extracts of wild-type and Bub1 T264 cells subjected to immunoprecipitation with Bub1, Aurora B, or IgG antibodies and analyzed by Western blotting as indicated. (F) Mitotic extracts prepared from taxol-treated HeLa cells subjected to immunoprecipitation with Bub1, Aurora B, or IgG antibodies and analyzed by Western blotting as noted. To begin to address how Bub1 may alter Aurora B activity, we monitored Aurora B localization. Targeting of Aurora B to inner centromeric regions of mitotic chromosomes was unperturbed in Bub1 T264 MEFs (Fig. S3 A), indicating that Bub1 overexpression does not alter the spatial regulation of Aurora B. Western blot analysis of mitotic extracts of wild-type and Bub1 T264 MEFs revealed that Bub1-overexpressing cells have normal amounts of T232-phosphorylated Aurora B (Fig. S3 B). Furthermore, mitotic Bub1 T264 MEFs had normal amounts of pT232-Aurora B at inner centromeric regions (Fig. S3 C). However, we note that auto-activation of Aurora B through phosphorylation represents an incomplete assessment of total catalytic activity. For example, in vitro Aurora B activity is not proportional to phosphorylated Aurora B when INCENP is added (Bishop and Schumacher, 2002; Sessa et al., 2005). Moreover, the amount of pT232-Aurora B in vivo was unaffected by haspin siRNA although Aurora B is delocalized and results in less centromeric MCAK (Wang et al., 2010). In addition, Ndc80/Hec1 has recently been shown to be de-phosphorylated even in the presence of phosphorylated Aurora B (DeLuca et al., 2011). To determine how Bub1 may affect Aurora B activity, we sought to determine whether Bub1 and Aurora B were present in a complex. Using coimmunoprecipitation, we found that a subset of endogenous Bub1 and Aurora B exists in a complex in wild-type MEFs and that Bub1 overexpression considerably increases the amount of Aurora B that is bound to Bub1 (Fig. 4 E). Importantly, we were able to confirm that a subset of Bub1 and Aurora B forms a complex in mitotic Hela cells (Fig. 4 F). Bub1-induced Aurora B hyperactivity drives chromosome missegregation and aneuplody To test whether Aurora B hyperactivity might drive, at least in part, chromosome missegregation in Bub1 overexpression cells, we sought to reduce Aurora B kinase activity in Bub1 T85 and Bub1 T264 MEFs with small amounts of the Aurora kinase inhibitor ZM447439 (Ditchfield et al., 2003) and then monitor the accuracy of chromosome segregation by live-cell imaging. At 1 µM ZM447439, cells fail to divide (Ditchfield et al., 2003). Titration experiments revealed that wild-type MEFs experience mild chromosome missegregation at 2.5 nM ZM447439, indicating that Aurora B function is only partially inhibited at this concentration (Fig. 5 A, and unpublished data). Importantly, Bub1 kinase activity was unaffected by this degree of Aurora B inhibition (Fig. S4 A). Remarkably, at 2.5 nM ZM447439, chromosome lagging decreased from 22% to 1% in Bub1 T85 MEFs and from 20% to 1% in Bub1 T264 MEFs (Fig. 5 A). Furthermore, chromosome misalignment in Bub1 T264 MEFs decreased from 12% to 1% (Fig. 5 A). We would like to point out that 15% of MEFs failed to complete mitosis in the presence of 2.5 nM ZM447439, independent of genotype (not depicted). To confirm this effect was due to Aurora B, we undertook a genetic approach of suppressing Aurora B activity by constitutively overexpressing BubR1 (Lampson and Kapoor, 2005). High levels of BubR1 did not reduce Bub1 levels or activity (Fig. S4, B–D). Importantly, misaligned and lagging chromosomes were suppressed when BubR1 is overexpressed in Bub1 T264 cells compared with Bub1 T264 alone (Fig. 5 A). Similarly, lagging chromosomes were suppressed in Bub1 T85 cells co-overexpressing BubR1 (Fig. 5 A). Figure 5. Aurora B hyperactivation in Bub1-overexpressing cells drives chromosome missegregation and aneuploidization. (A) Chromosome segregation analysis after treatment with 2.5 nM ZM447439 or constitutive co-overexpression of BubR1. The average of three independent primary MEFs is shown. Error bars represent SEM. (B) Chromosome counts on metaphase spreads of P5 wild-type, Bub1 T85, and Bub1 T264 MEFs after treatment with 2.5 nM ZM447439 or constitutive co-overexpression of BubR1. The average of three independent lines is shown and error bars represent SEM. The corrective effect of BubR1 and treatment with low-dose ZM447439 was further illustrated by counts of chromosome spreads. As shown in Fig. 5 B, high levels of BubR1 restored aneuploidy rates in both Bub1 T85 and Bub1 T264 MEFs to near wild-type levels. To further validate this idea, we determined whether ZM447439 treatment could suppress near-diploid aneuploidy. To do so, we cultured wild-type and Bub1 T264 MEFs from passage P0 to P5 in the presence of 2.5 nM ZM447439. Treatment of Bub1 T264 MEFs with ZM447439 suppressed near-diploid aneuploidy to 9%, whereas aneuploidy in wild-type MEFs increased to 17% (Fig. 5 B). The observation of 17% aneuploidy (but not tetraploidy) in wild-type cells treated with 2.5 nM ZM447439 further confirms partial deregulation of Aurora B activity with this concentration of inhibitor. Finally, immunostaining of Bub1 T264 cells for pKln1 revealed that ZM447439 treatment and BubR1 overexpression each had a substantial corrective effect on aberrant substrate phosphorylation by Aurora B (Fig. S4, E and F; and unpublished data). Collectively, these data suggest that Bub1 overexpression promotes hyperactivity of Aurora B, which, in turn, seems to drive chromosome missegregation and aneuploidization. Bub1 overexpression promotes spontaneous tumorigenesis To address the fundamental question as to whether overexpression of Bub1 causally predisposes mice to spontaneous tumorigenesis, cohorts of wild-type, Bub1 T85, and Bub1 T264 mice were aged to 12–16 mo and screened for tumors (Fig. 6 A). Overt tumors were collected and characterized by routine histopathology. Importantly, both transgenic strains had marked increases in tumor incidence compared with wild-type littermates (Fig. 6, A and B). Specifically, Bub1 T85 and Bub1 T264 mice had a total tumor incidence of 62 and 71%, respectively compared with 27% of wild-type mice, a difference that is highly statistically significant. The tumor spectrum of Bub1 transgenic mice was broad and included lymphomas, lipomas, sarcomas, and liver and skin tumors (Fig. 6, C and D). Bub1 transgenic mice also developed lung adenomas, but the incidence of these tumors was similar to control mice. A substantial proportion of Bub1 transgenic mice were simultaneously affected with more than one tumor type (Fig. 6 C), whereas wild-type mice only had a single type of tumor. To assess aneuploidy in Bub1 transgenic tumors, we performed interphase FISH on single cell suspensions of lymphomas and liver tumors using probes to chromosomes 4 and 7 (Baker et al., 2009). Both splenic lymphomas and hepatocellular carcinomas from Bub1 transgenic animals harbored significant amounts of aneuploid cells compared with age-matched wild-type tissue controls (Fig. 6 E), which is consistent with the idea that Bub1 overexpression drives tumorigenesis through aneuploidization. Together, these results firmly establish that Bub1 overexpression can drive tumorigenesis in various types of tissues/cell types, and that the resulting tumors are aneuploid. Figure 6. Bub1 overexpression promotes spontaneous tumorigenesis. (A) Mouse cohort information. Mice were sacrificed between 12 and 16 mo: the average age of the sacrificed animals is indicated per genotype. (B) Spontaneous tumor incidence of mice of the indicated genotypes. *, P < 0.01 vs. wild-type mice using Fisher’s exact test. Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval. (C) Tumor spectrum of mice of the indicated genotypes. Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval. (D) Histological analysis of selected spontaneous tumors from transgenic mice. Black bar, 100 µm. Red bar, 25 µm. Yellow arrow, neoplastic cell; red arrow, normal cell. (E) Interphase FISH for chromosomes 4 and 7 on single cell suspensions of tumors from Bub1 transgenic mice. Normal tissues from age-matched wild-type mice were used as controls. Bub1 overexpression in mice accelerates Eµ-Myc–induced lymphomagenesis Gene expression profiling studies indicate that Bub1 is frequently targeted for up-regulation in diffuse large B cell lymphomas (Alizadeh et al., 2000; Basso et al., 2005). To validate this observation and to explore whether Bub1 might be overexpressed in other B cell malignancies as well, we quantitated Bub1 transcript levels in a panel of different human primary B cell lymphomas and leukemias, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), and Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL). As a control, we used human peripheral B cells from normal donors. As shown in Fig. 7 A, Bub1 mRNA was increased (P < 0.05) in all cases, except CLL. Particularly high Bub1 transcript levels were observed in the BLs. Importantly, this fold increase was not observed for two other cell cycle–regulated mitotic checkpoint genes, Bub1B and Mad1 (Fig. S5 A). To extend these observations, we analyzed Bub1 protein levels in the BL cell lines Ramos and Raji by Western blotting. Samples were normalized for pSer10-H3 to rule out differences in proliferative index. Compared with the FL-derived cell line DOHH2, Raji showed highly elevated Bub1 levels, whereas in Ramos the increase was more modest (Fig. 7 B). Importantly, corresponding increases in pH2A and pCenp-A were observed in Raji and Ramos (Fig. 7 B). These data are consistent with the notion that increased Bub1 activity can promote increased Aurora B activity. Figure 7. Bub1 overexpression accelerates Myc-mediated lymphomagenesis. (A) Human Bub1 gene transcript was measured from a panel of 59 primary human tumors and normal peripheral B cells using qRT-PCR and normalized to TBP. The difference between lymphomas and normal peripheral B cells was statistically significant (P < 0.05) for all groups, except chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (B) Protein extracts from the indicated lymphoma derived cell lines were immunoblotted for Bub1, Aurora B, pCenp-A, pT121-H2A, and pS10-H3. (C) Survival curves for Eμ-Myc and Eμ-Myc/Bub1 T85 mice. *, P < 0.05 vs. Eμ-Myc mice (log-rank test). (D) Quantification of chromosome 4 and 7 copies in EµMyc and Eμ-Myc/Bub1 T85 B cell lymphoma cells. *, P < 0.05 (unpaired t test) FISH signals of 100 cells were per lymphoma. Seven lymphomas were analyzed per genotype. Error bars represent SEM. Because of the high levels of Bub1 transcript in BLs, a lymphoma characterized by overexpression of the c-MYC proto-oncogene, we sought to investigate whether Bub1 and c-Myc overexpression might cooperate to drive malignant transformation of B cells. To do so, we intercrossed Eµ-Myc transgenic (Harris et al., 1988) and Bub1 T85 mice and established cohorts of Eµ-Myc;Bub1 T85, Eµ-Myc mice, and Bub1 T85 transgenic mice and monitored them daily for development of ill heath and overt tumors. Eμ-Myc single-transgenic animals developed lymphoma beginning at 11 wk and had a median survival of 21 wk (Fig. 7 C). Strikingly, Eµ-Myc;Bub1 T85 double-transgenic mice developed lymphoma much faster; fatal lymphomas developed as early as 7 wk and the median survival was only 13 wk. None of the Bub1 T85 transgenic mice developed obvious lymphoma or any other overt tumors over the 1-yr monitoring period. These data demonstrate that Bub1 overexpression synergizes with c-Myc in B cell lymphomagenesis, and suggest that Bub1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of human B cell lymphoma. To determine the degree of aneuploidy in lymphomas from Eµ-Myc and Eµ-Myc;Bub1 T85 mice, we performed interphase FISH on seven independent lymph node tumors per genotype. On average, mature tumors from Eµ-Myc;Bub1 T85 mice were slightly, but significantly (P < 0.05), more aneuploid for chromosome 4 and chromosome 7 (Fig. 7 D and Fig. S5 B). Discussion Bub1 is expressed at high levels in various types of human cancers, but whether and how Bub1 overexpression can cause neoplastic transformation has remained unknown. Using a transgenic approach in mice, we provide evidence that Bub1 has oncogenic properties in several mouse tissues. Furthermore, we show that Bub1 is consistently overexpressed in human Burkitt’s lymphomas and that transgenic Bub1 dramatically decreases tumor latency in a mouse model for this lymphoid malignancy. Our studies suggest that Bub1 overexpression drives neoplastic growth at least in part by promoting chromosome missegregation. We propose that Bub1 overexpression results in aberrant chromosome segregation due to hyperactivation of Aurora B. Four lines of evidence support this novel mechanism. First, Cenp-A, a centromere-associated protein that is targeted by Aurora B kinase in prophase (Zeitlin et al., 2001), and Knl1, a key component of the KMN network, were phosphorylated at a significantly higher rate in Bub1 transgenic cells than in controls. Phosphorylation at serine 10 of histone H3, another known target of Aurora B (Adams et al., 2001; Giet and Glover, 2001), occurred at seemingly normal rates in Bub1 transgenic cells (unpublished data). However, this is not the first example where deregulation of Aurora B differentially affects phosphorylation of its targets. For example, Aurora B down-regulation due to haspin kinase depletion similarly affected only a limited number of Aurora B substrates (Wang et al., 2010). The observation that not all substrates are equally affected by Bub1-dependent Aurora B hyperactivation is also consistent with the notion that the activation status of the Aurora B complex may control substrate specificity (Musacchio, 2010). Second, the most common chromosome segregation error in Bub1-overexpressing cells is chromosome lagging in anaphase (Agarwal et al., 1997), a defect that cannot be detected by the mitotic checkpoint and that does not result in mitotic delay. Lagging chromosomes occur due to the merotelic attachments of chromosomes to the mitotic spindle, which are thought to arise frequently in normal cells (Cimini et al., 2003). Aurora B functions in the correction of merotelic kinetochore attachments (Andrews et al., 2004; Kline-Smith et al., 2004), and its hyperactivation provides a plausible explanation for the high incidence of lagging chromosomes in Bub1-overexpressing cells. Aurora B is thought to correct merotelic attachments by regulating the microtubule-depolymerizing activity of MCAK and the microtubule-capturing activity of Ndc80/Hec1 (Cheeseman et al., 2006; Knowlton et al., 2006). In addition to lagging chromosomes, we observed misaligned chromosomes in cells with higher levels of overexpression (Bub1 T264). Interestingly, Aurora B has been shown to phosphorylate spatially distinct targets to differentially regulate the kinetochore–microtubule interface (Welburn et al., 2010). It is therefore tempting to speculate that a broader spectrum of Aurora B targets is deregulated in Bub1 T264 cells than in Bub1 T85 cells, thereby perhaps explaining why Bub1 T264 cells have more diverse chromosome segregation errors. Given that modification of other CPC members has also been reported to affect Aurora B activity (Bishop and Schumacher, 2002; Bolton et al., 2002; Honda et al., 2003; Sessa et al., 2005; Jelluma et al., 2008) and various Aurora B subcomplexes (Gassmann et al., 2004), there could exist many different conformations of Aurora B–containing complexes, each with slightly different substrate specificity determined by the status of associated cofactors. Third, inhibition of Aurora B activity, either pharmacologically with low amounts of ZM447439 or via BubR1 overexpression, largely corrected chromosome segregation errors caused by Bub1 overexpression. Although ZM447439 is a pan Aurora kinase inhibitor, at low concentrations, it preferentially targets Aurora B. Consistent with increased fidelity of chromosome segregation in Bub1 transgenic cells that express high levels of BubR1 we find that these cells show significantly decreased aneuploidy rates. We note that, in contrast to Bub1, BubR1 overexpression in and of itself does not cause chromosome missegregation (unpublished data). Fourth, we show that a subset of Aurora B is in a complex with Bub1 during mitosis and that the abundance of this complex is considerably increased in Bub1 transgenic cells. This raises the possibility that Bub1 may affect Aurora B activity directly or indirectly by modulating the regulatory properties of CPC components. One potential mechanism for how Bub1 might alter Aurora B activity involves INCENP phosphorylation. Xenopus Bub1 has been shown to phosphorylate INCENP in vitro (Boyarchuk et al., 2007) and phosphorylation of INCENP at the C-terminal TSS motif has been linked to increased Aurora B kinase activity (Bishop and Schumacher, 2002; Honda et al., 2003). Unfortunately, we were unable to directly test this model experimentally because the residue(s) of INCENP that are modified by Bub1 are currently unknown. Consistent with the idea that Bub1 might exert its oncogenic effect by targeting Aurora B for deregulation is the observation that sustained expression of Aurora B in cultured mouse mammary gland epithelial cells causes aneuploidy and promotes tumor development in a xenograft model (Nguyen et al., 2009). It will be important to expand these studies into the oncogenic potential of Aurora B, particularly because chromosome lagging due to merotelic attachments is a common trait of human cancer cells (Cimini, 2008; Kwon et al., 2008). Given that Aurora B activation is highly complex and involves multiple mechanisms, it is conceivable that defects in a wide variety of mitotic proteins cause Aurora B hyperactivation. Recent evidence has demonstrated that Bub1 insufficiency leads to tumor development (Jeganathan et al., 2007; Baker et al., 2009). This, together with the transgenic study reported here, reveals that optimal Bub1 expression is critical for preventing neoplastic growth. Insufficiency and overexpression of Bub1 both result in whole chromosomal instability and near-diploid aneuploidies, although apparently through different mechanisms. Where Bub1 hypomorphism results in weakened checkpoint activity (Jeganathan et al., 2007), Bub1 overexpression does not seem to impair the checkpoint. This is surprising given that Bub1 has been proposed to contribute to checkpoint signaling via two mechanisms. First, Bub1 associates with kinetochores and this association is required for the kinetochore localization of core mitotic checkpoint proteins that produce the anaphase wait signal, including BubR1, Mad1, Mad2, and Cenp-E (Sharp-Baker and Chen, 2001; Morrow et al., 2005; Jeganathan et al., 2007; Perera et al., 2007). Second, Bub1 is thought to regulate checkpoint activity through inhibitory phosphorylation of the APC/C cofactor Cdc20 (Tang et al., 2004a). Earlier transgenic models overexpressing Mad2 or Hec1 presented evidence of mitotic checkpoint hyperactivation (Sotillo et al., 2007; Diaz-Rodríguez et al., 2008), but this mechanism of deregulating chromosome segregation does not seem to apply to Bub1 overexpression. Thus, high Bub1 levels activate an oncogenic mechanism that is unique among currently available transgenic mouse models. Furthermore, these findings illustrate that it is difficult to predict how overexpressed mitotic checkpoint genes perturb the chromosome segregation process, and underscores the importance of investigating the exact consequences of overexpression of each checkpoint gene. In summary, our study demonstrates that Bub1 not only has tumor-suppressive but also oncogenic properties, which may explain why increased Bub1 expression highly correlates with clinical prognosis in a variety of human cancer types (Glinsky, 2005; Glinsky et al., 2005). We provide a novel mechanism by which high Bub1 promotes aneuploidization. Given that losses and gains of whole chromosomes can drive tumorigenesis in certain genetic contexts (Baker et al., 2009; Holland and Cleveland, 2009; Baker and van Deursen, 2010; Schvartzman et al., 2010), it is reasonable to implicate Bub1-mediated hyperactivation of Aurora B in cellular transformation. Materials and methods Generation of Bub1 transgenic mice Bub1 transgenic mice were generated according to previously described methods (van Ree et al., 2010, 2011). Bub1 transgenic mice were maintained on a mixed 129SV/E × C57BL/6 genetic background. Eμ-Myc mice were bred with Bub1 T85 mice to generate cohorts consisting of Eμ-Myc, and Eμ-Myc;Bub1 T85 double-transgenic mice. Mice were housed in a pathogen-free barrier environment. Mouse protocols were reviewed and approved by the Mayo Clinic institutional animal care and use committee. Mice in tumor susceptibility studies were monitored daily. Moribund mice were killed and major organs screened for overt tumors. Tumors were processed for histopathology by standard procedures. Prism software was used for the generation of tumor-free survival curves and statistical analyses. Generation and culture of MEFs Bub1 transgenic MEFs were generated and cultured as described previously (Baker et al., 2004). MEFs were frozen at P2 or P3 and used for experimentation between P4 and P6. At least three independently generated MEF lines per genotype were used unless otherwise stated. Mitotic MEFs were prepared by two methods. Mitotic MEFs were collected after culturing asynchronous cells for 4 h in medium containing 100 ng/ml nocodazole (Sigma-Aldrich) and harvesting cells by shake-off. Alternatively, cells were synchronized in G0 by serum starvation (0.1% FBS) for 12 h and released into 10% FBS containing DME. 0.5 µM taxol was then added 12 h after release and cells were harvested 18 h after release. Flag-tagged BubR1 was constitutively expressed using the Z/EG expression vector, similar to Bub1 (van Ree et al., 2010). Cell culture, Western blot analysis, and immunoprecipitation HeLa cells were cultured in DME supplemented with 10% FCS. Human cancer cell lines DOHH2, Ramos, and Raji were cultured in RPMI supplemented with 10% FCS. Western blot analysis was performed as described previously (van Ree et al., 2010). The following antibodies were used: rabbit anti-Bub1 (Jeganathan et al., 2007); 12CA5 or 16B12 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. and Covance, respectively); pSer10-H3 (Millipore); β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich); Aurora B (BD); pT232-Aurora (Cell Signaling Technology); GFP (Takara Bio Inc.); pT121-H2A (Kawashima et al., 2010); H2A (Abcam); BubR1 (BD); Bub3 (J. van Deursen); and Mad2 (J. van Deursen). Immunoprecipitations for Aurora B and Bub1 were performed on mitotic cell extracts prepared in RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% SDS, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 1% NP-40, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 20 mM β-glycerophosphate, 20 mM sodium fluoride, and 1 mM sodium vanadate, plus protease inhibitors). Antibodies for immunoprecipitation were Aurora B (BD) and Bub1 (Jeganathan et al., 2007). Mitotic HeLa cells were prepared from cells that were serum starved (0.1% FBS) for 12 h and released into 20% FBS containing DME. After 18 h, 0.5 µM taxol was added and cells were harvested 6 h later. Indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy Indirect immunofluorescence was performed as described previously (Kasper et al., 1999). Cells were plated onto chamber slides and incubated for 24 h. Standard fixations for immunostainings were with 1% paraformaldehyde for 5 min at room temperature (RT). Primary antibodies, which were incubated overnight, were as follows: rabbit anti-Bub1 (Jeganathan et al., 2007); human anti-centromeric antibody (Antibodies Inc.); rabbit anti-Sgo1 (Abcam); rabbit anti-pCenp-A (Millipore); rabbit anti-pT121-H2A (Active Motif); rabbit anti-pKnl1 (Welburn et al., 2010); rabbit anti-Cdc20 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.); rabbit anti–Mad2 (D. Cleveland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA); mouse anti-BubR1 (BD); mouse anti-Aurora B (BD); rabbit anti-pThr232-Aurora (Cell Signaling Technology); and mouse anti-centrin2 (J. Salisbury, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN). A laser-scanning microscope (LSM 510 v3.2SP2; Carl Zeiss) with Axiovert 100M (Carl Zeiss) with a c-Apochromat 100x oil immersion objective was used to analyze immunostained cells and to capture representative images. For quantification, we used ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). Confocal images were converted to 8-bit grayscale. Cell edges were traced using the freehand tool, and the mean pixel intensity within the marked area was calculated. The integrated density (in arbitrary units), defined as the mean pixel intensity multiplied by the area, was used to measure signal strength. Quantitative RT-PCR Total RNA was extracted using Trizol and cDNA transcription was performed using random hexamers and SuperScript III reverse transcription (Invitrogen). PCR reactions on cDNA from MEFs and mouse tissues were performed in triplicate with SYBR green PCR Master Mix using the ABI PRISM 7900 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems). All experiments were performed on tissues from at least three animals in each group. TATA-binding protein (TBP) was used for normalization using ΔΔCt, except bone marrow, which was normalized to GAPDH. B and T cells were isolated from spleen using the MACS for CD19+ cells or pan T cells (Miltenyi Biotec), respectively, after red blood cell lysis with ACK buffer (150 mM NH4Cl, 10 mM KHCO3, and 0.1 mM EDTA). PCR reactions were performed using the following reaction conditions: 95°C for 5 min, 40 cycles of 95°C for 30 s, 60°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 1 min, following with a dissociation stage to confirm a single PCR product. Primer sequences for qRT-PCR were as follows: TotalBub1for (p1): 5′-CATGAGCAGTGGGTTAGTGAAGAC-3′; TotalBub1rev (p2): 5′-TTCTCAGAAGCAGGAAGGTCCTTG-3′; EndoBub1for (p3): 5′-GTTTTTTCTCGTCATGGACAAC-3′; EndoBub1rev (p4): 5′-GTCATTACCCGTGTAGCTTTG-3′; TBPfor: 5′-GGCCTCTCAGAAGCATCACTA-3′; TBPrev: 5′-GCCAAGCCCTGAGCATAA-3′; GAPDHfor: 5′-TGCACCACACCAACTGCTTAGC-‘3; GAPDHrev: 5′-TGGATGCAGGGATGATGTTC-3′. We detected endogenous Bub1 transcript with primers that anneals to the 5′ UTR. PCR reactions on cDNA isolated from primary human tumors and normal peripheral B cells were performed with Taqman probes (Bub1, 654643; TBP, 4332659; Mad1, 635627; Bub1B, 646627) using the ABI PRISM 7900 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems). Karyotype analysis and interphase FISH Chromosome counts on metaphase spreads from P5 MEFs, splenocytes of 6-wk- and 5-mo-old mice, and hematopoietic cells in livers of 1-d-old mice were performed as described previously (Babu et al., 2003; Baker et al., 2004). In brief, cells were incubated with colcemid (0.5 µg/ml) for 4 to 6 h, swelled with 75 mM KCl, fixed (methanol/glacial acetic acid at 3:1), and stained with Giemsa. PMSCS was scored in cells where a majority of the sister chromosomes were no longer associated. Single cell suspensions of various tissues and tumors were hybridized with probes to chromosomes 4 and 7 for interphase FISH as described previously (Baker et al., 2009). Live-cell imaging For chromosome missegregation analysis, chromosome movements of mRFP-H2B–positive MEFs progressing through an unchallenged mitosis were followed at interframe intervals of 3 min and mitotic timing for the duration of prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, and anaphase was determined (Jeganathan et al., 2007; Dawlaty et al., 2008). In brief, MEFs were first transduced with a lentivirus encoding an mRFP-tagged H2B to allow visualization of chromosomes by fluorescence microscopy. Cells were seeded onto 35-mm glass-bottomed culture dishes and ∼24 h later were monitored using an Axio Observer Z1 system (Carl Zeiss) with: CO2 Module S, TempModule S, Heating Unit XL S, Pln Apo 63x/1.4 oil DICIII objective, AxioCam MRm camera, and AxioVision 4.6 software. Nocodazole and taxol challenge assays and mitotic timing experiments were performed as described previously (Malureanu et al., 2009). At least three independent lines per genotype were used. To find a suitable concentration for partial inhibition of Aurora B activity, we followed progression of wild-type MEFs via live-cell imaging in the presence of various concentrations of ZM and determined the percentage of cells with mitotic arrest. We found mitotic arrest rates to drop to 15% at 2.5 nM ZM and therefore this concentration was selected for further experimentation. Online supplemental material Fig. S1 shows that levels of Bub1 and other mitotic regulators do not vary on 129 and C57BL/6 mouse genetic backgrounds. Fig. S2 shows that overexpression of Bub1 does not disrupt mitotic checkpoint signaling and mitotic timing. Fig. S3 shows that Aurora B localization and auto-phosphorylation is unaffected by Bub1 overexpression. Fig. S4 shows that treatment of Bub1T264 MEFs with 2.5 nM ZM447439 or co-overexpression of BubR1 does not diminish Bub1 kinase activity. Fig. S5 provides an analysis of Bub1, Mad1, and BubR1 gene expression in human B cell malignancies and measurements of aneuploidy rates in Eµ-Myc + and Eµ-Myc +;T85 transgenic mice. Online supplemental material is available at http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.201012035/DC1.
Author and article information
Journal
Journal ID (nlm-ta): Oncotarget
Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Oncotarget
Journal ID (publisher-id): Oncotarget
Journal ID (publisher-id): ImpactJ
Title:
Oncotarget
Publisher:
Impact Journals LLC
ISSN
(Electronic):
1949-2553
Publication date Collection: 29
September
2017
Publication date
(Electronic):
18
July
2017
Volume: 8
Issue: 44
Pages: 76329-76339
Affiliations
Author notes
Correspondence to:
Ines Gütgemann,
Ines.guetgemann@
123456ukbonn.de
Article
Publisher ID: 19357DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19357
PMC ID: 5652709
PubMed ID: 29100315
SO-VID: 03268a31-957a-49dd-96ee-7bcbb15fe9be
Copyright © Copyright: © 2017 Stahl et al.
License:
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
History
Date
received
: 17
March
2017
Date
accepted
: 19
June
2017
Categories
Subject:
Research Paper
ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy