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      Comparative cytogenetics of Serrasalmidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): The relationship between chromosomal evolution and molecular phylogenies

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          Abstract

          Serrasalmidae has high morphological and chromosomal diversity. Based on molecular hypotheses, the family is currently divided into two subfamilies, Colossomatinae and Serrasalminae, with Serrasalminae composed of two tribes: Myleini (comprising most of pacus species) and Serrasalmini (represented by Metynnis, Catoprion, and remaining piranha’s genera). This study aimed to analyze species of the tribes Myleini ( Myloplus asterias, M. lobatus, M. rubripinnis, M. schomburgki, and Tometes camunani) and Serrasalmini ( Metynnis cuiaba, M. hypsauchen, and M. longipinnis) using classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques in order to understand the chromosomal evolution of the family. The four species of the genus Myloplus and T. camunani presented 2n = 58 chromosomes, while the species of Metynnis presented 2n = 62 chromosomes. The distribution of heterochromatin occurred predominantly in pericentromeric regions in all species. Tometes camunani and Myloplus spp. presented only one site with 5S rDNA. Multiple markers of 18S rDNA were observed in T. camunani, M. asterias, M. lobatus, M. rubripinnis, and M. schomburgkii. For Metynnis, however, synteny of the 18S and 5S rDNA was observed in the three species, in addition to an additional 5S marker in M. longipinnis. These data, when superimposed on the phylogeny of the family, suggest a tendency to increase the diploid chromosome number from 54 to 62 chromosomes, which occurred in a nonlinear manner and is the result of several chromosomal rearrangements. In addition, the different karyotype formulas and locations of ribosomal sequences can be used as cytotaxonomic markers and assist in the identification of species.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Methodology
                Role: Conceptualization
                Role: Conceptualization
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                7 October 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : 10
                : e0258003
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Petrópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
                [2 ] Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Avenida Capitão Ene Garcêz, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil
                [3 ] Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Petrópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
                [4 ] Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
                Natural History Museum of London, UNITED KINGDOM
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3796-7077
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5333-8748
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2962-4541
                Article
                PONE-D-21-19222
                10.1371/journal.pone.0258003
                8496811
                34618832
                042a79b0-bb18-410a-81fe-b5d87de27825
                © 2021 Favarato et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 11 June 2021
                : 15 September 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 2, Pages: 16
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002322, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior;
                Award ID: #12002011001P7
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004916, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas;
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003593, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico;
                Award ID: #301886/2019-9
                Award Recipient :
                This study was supported by the Brazilian agencies, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM) FAPEAM/SEPLANCTI/ Government of the State of Amazonas - Edital PAPAC 005/2019, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) - CAPES Pro-Amazon and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). The Center for Studies of Adaptation to Environmental Changes in the Amazon was founded by FAPEAM and CNPq (INCT ADAPTA II, FAPEAM/CNPq 573976/2008-2). EF was the recipient of a fellowship from CNPq (Grant #301886/2019-9) and RPO is founded by Capes (grant #12002011001P7). The National Amazon Research Institute (INPA)/Postgraduate Studies in Genetics, Conservation and Evolutionary Biology (INPA/GCBEv), given institutional support for this study. There was no additional external funding received for this study.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Cytogenetics
                Karyotypes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Cytogenetics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Chromosome Biology
                Chromosomes
                Autosomes
                Chromosome Pairs
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Chromosome Biology
                Chromosomes
                Chromosome Pairs
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Management
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Specimen Preparation and Treatment
                Staining
                Chromosome Staining
                Research and analysis methods
                Specimen preparation and treatment
                Staining
                Nuclear staining
                DAPI staining
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Animal Phylogenetics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Animal Phylogenetics
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Management
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Animal Phylogenetics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animal Phylogenetics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Taxonomy
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Management
                Taxonomy
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

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