The Antinatriuretic Effect of Insulin: An Unappreciated Mechanism for Hypertension Associated with Insulin Resistance?

There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

Abstract

Insulin resistance is proposed to be causally related to the metabolic syndrome disorders, but a direct cause-and-effect relationship between insulin resistance and hypertension was not originally obvious. Previous data suggested that insulin promotes sodium retention from the kidney, and thus research efforts focused on this action among several other possible pathways connecting insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia with hypertension. A review of numerous studies provides evidence that this antinatriuretic effect of insulin is preserved in states of metabolic insulin resistance, representing a major mechanism for blood pressure elevation. More recent experimental and clinical studies have added data about the exact tubular sites of this insulin action, its relation with the respective insulin action on potassium handling, its possible role in the development of salt sensitivity in essential hypertension, as well as the involvement of oxidant stress in these associations. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge in this area and attempts to highlight an important but rather overlooked pathway for hypertension development in the metabolic syndrome, the influence of high insulin levels leading to volume expansion.

Related collections

Most cited references 53

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease.

G M Reaven (1988)

Resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is present in the majority of patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and in approximately 25% of nonobese individuals with normal oral glucose tolerance. In these conditions, deterioration of glucose tolerance can only be prevented if the beta-cell is able to increase its insulin secretory response and maintain a state of chronic hyperinsulinemia. When this goal cannot be achieved, gross decompensation of glucose homeostasis occurs. The relationship between insulin resistance, plasma insulin level, and glucose intolerance is mediated to a significant degree by changes in ambient plasma free-fatty acid (FFA) concentration. Patients with NIDDM are also resistant to insulin suppression of plasma FFA concentration, but plasma FFA concentrations can be reduced by relatively small increments in insulin concentration. Consequently, elevations of circulating plasma FFA concentration can be prevented if large amounts of insulin can be secreted. If hyperinsulinemia cannot be maintained, plasma FFA concentration will not be suppressed normally, and the resulting increase in plasma FFA concentration will lead to increased hepatic glucose production. Because these events take place in individuals who are quite resistant to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, it is apparent that even small increases in hepatic glucose production are likely to lead to significant fasting hyperglycemia under these conditions. Although hyperinsulinemia may prevent frank decompensation of glucose homeostasis in insulin-resistant individuals, this compensatory response of the endocrine pancreas is not without its price. Patients with hypertension, treated or untreated, are insulin resistant, hyperglycemic, and hyperinsulinemic. In addition, a direct relationship between plasma insulin concentration and blood pressure has been noted. Hypertension can also be produced in normal rats when they are fed a fructose-enriched diet, an intervention that also leads to the development of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. The development of hypertension in normal rats by an experimental manipulation known to induce insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia provides further support for the view that the relationship between the three variables may be a causal one.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

0 comments Cited 942 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

Prolonged oxidative stress impairs insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

H Kanety, A Tirosh, N Bashan … (1998)

Prolonged exposure of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to micromolar concentrations of H2O2 results in an impaired response to the acute metabolic effects of insulin. In this study, we further characterized the mechanisms by which oxidative stress impairs insulin stimulation of glucose transport activity. Although insulin induced a 2.5-fold increase in plasma membrane GLUT4 content and a 50% reduction in its abundance in the low-density microsomal (LDM) fraction in control cells, oxidation completely prevented these responses. The net effect of insulin on 2-deoxyglucose uptake activity was reduced in oxidized cells and could be attributed to GLUT1 translocation. Insulin stimulation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1 tyrosine phosphorylation and the association of IRS-1 with phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase were not impaired by oxidative stress. However, a 1.9-fold increase in the LDM content of the p85 subunit of PI 3-kinase after insulin stimulation was observed in control, but not in oxidized, cells. Moreover, although insulin induced an increase in IRS-1-associated PI 3-kinase activity in the LDM in control cells, this effect was prevented by oxidation. These findings suggest that prolonged low-grade oxidative stress impairs insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation, potentially by interfering with compartment-specific activation of PI 3-kinase.

0 comments Cited 83 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

Oxidative stress and glycemic regulation.

Antonio Ceriello (2000)

Oxidative stress is an acknowledged pathogenetic mechanism in diabetic complications. Hyperglycemia is a widely known cause of enhanced free radical concentration, whereas oxidative stress involvement in glycemic regulation is still debated. Glucose transport is a cascade of events starting from the interaction of insulin with its own receptor at the plasma membrane and ending with intracellular glucose metabolism. In this complex series of events, each step plays an important role and can be inhibited by a negative effect of oxidative stress. Several studies show that an acute increase in the blood glucose level may impair the physiological homeostasis of many systems in living organisms. The mechanisms through which acute hyperglycemia exerts these effects may be identified in the production of free radicals. It has been suggested that insulin resistance may be accompanied by intracellular production of free radicals. In adipocytes cultured in vitro, insulin increases the production of hydrogen peroxide, which has been shown to mimic the action of insulin. These data allow us to hypothesize that a vicious circle between hyperinsulinemia and free radicals could be operating: insulin resistance might cause elevated plasma free radical concentrations, which, in turn, might be responsible for a deterioration of insulin action, with hyperglycemia being a contributory factor. Data supporting this hypothesis are available. Vitamin E improves insulin action in healthy, elderly, and non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Similar results can be obtained by vitamin C administration.

0 comments Cited 73 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

All references

Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): AJN

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Am J Nephrol

Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.0250-8095

Title: American Journal of Nephrology

Publisher: S. Karger AG

ISSN (Print): 0250-8095

ISSN (Electronic): 1421-9670

Publication date Subscription-year: 2007

Publication date (Print): March 2007

Publication date (Electronic): 23 January 2007

Volume: 27

Issue: 1

Pages: 44-54

Affiliations

^aFirst Department of Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece; ^bHypertension Center, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA

Article

Publisher ID: 98955 Other ID: Am J Nephrol 2007;27:44–54

DOI: 10.1159/000098955

PubMed ID: 17245074

License:

Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.