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      Prevalence and reasons for self‐medication for prevention of COVID‐19 among the adult population in Kermanshah‐Iran

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          Abstract

          Aim

          To determine the prevalence of self‐medication and reasons for self‐medication (SM) for the prevention/treatment of COVID‐19 among the adult population.

          Design

          Cross‐sectional study.

          Methods

          This study was performed on 147 adults in Kermanshah, Iran. Data were collected by a researcher‐made questionnaire and analysed by SPSS‐18 software using descriptive and inferential statistics.

          Results

          The prevalence of SM in the participants was 69.4%. Vitamin D and vitamin B complex were the most commonly used drugs. The most common symptoms leading to SM were fatigue and rhinitis. Strengthening the immune system and prevention of COVID‐19 (48%) were the main reasons for SM. Factors related to SM included marital status [OR = 8.04, 95% CI = (3.62, 17.83)], education [OR = 0.16, 95%CI = (0.08, 0.35)] and monthly income [OR = 0.09, 95%CI = (0.03, 0.26)].

          Patient or Public Contribution

          Yes

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          Most cited references41

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          Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: A comparison with young and middle-aged patients

          Kai Liu, Ying Chen, Ruzheng Lin … (2020)
          Background Due to the general susceptibility of new coronaviruses, the clinical characteristics and outcomes of elderly and young patients may be different. Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of elderly patients with 2019 new-type coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). Methods This is a retrospective study of patients with new coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) who were hospitalized in Hainan Provincial People's Hospital from January 15, 2020 to February 18, 2020. Compare the clinical characteristics of elderly with Young and Middle-aged patients. Results A total of 56 patients were enrolled 18 elderly patients (32.14%), and 38 young and middle-aged patients (67.86%). The most common symptoms in both groups were fever, followed by cough and sputum. Four patients in the elderly group received negative pressure ICU for mechanical ventilation, and five patients in the young and middle-aged group. One patient died in the elderly group (5.56%), and two patients died in the young and middle-aged group (5.26%). The PSI score of the elderly group was higher than that of the young and middle-aged group (P < 0.001). The proportion of patients with PSI grades IV and V was significantly higher in the elderly group than in the young and middle-aged group (P < 0.05). The proportion of multiple lobe involvement in the elderly group was higher than that in the young and middle-aged group (P < 0.001), and there was no difference in single lobe lesions between the two groups. The proportion of lymphocytes in the elderly group was significantly lower than that in the young and middle-aged group (P < 0.001), and the C-reactive protein was significantly higher in the young group (P < 0.001). The Lopinavir and Ritonavir Tablets, Chinese medicine, oxygen therapy, and mechanical ventilation were statistically different in the elderly group and the young and middle-aged group, and the P values were all <0.05. Interpretation The mortality of elderly patients with COVID-19 is higher than that of young and middle-aged patients, and the proportion of patients with PSI grade IV and V is significantly higher than that of young and middle-aged patients. Elderly patients with COVID-19 are more likely to progress to severe disease.
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            The STROBE guidelines

            Sarah Cuschieri (2019)
            An observational study is a type of epidemiological study design, which can take the form of a cohort, a case–control, or a cross-sectional study. When presenting observational studies in manuscripts, an author needs to ascertain a clear presentation of the work and provide the reader with appropriate information to enable critical appraisal of the research. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were created to aid the author in ensuring high-quality presentation of the conducted observational study. The original articles publishing the STROBE guidelines together with their bibliographies were identified and thoroughly reviewed. These guidelines consist of 22 checklist items that the author needs to fulfil before submitting the manuscript to a journal. The STROBE guidelines were created to aid the authors in presenting their work and not to act as a validation tool for the conducted study or as a framework to conduct an observational study on. The authors complying with these guidelines are more likely to succeed in publishing their observational study work in a journal.
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              The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviours

              Amir Pakpour, Mark Griffiths (2020)
              Article 0 comments Cited 182 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Alireza Khatony:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3552-5539
                akhatony@gmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nurs Open
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nurs Open
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)2054-1058
                Journal ID (publisher-id): NOP2
                Title: Nursing Open
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2054-1058
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 February 2023
                Publication date Collection: June 2023
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 6 ( doiID: 10.1002/nop2.v10.6 )
                Pages: 3946-3953
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
                [ 2 ] Infectious Diseases Research Center Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Alireza Khatony, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.

                Email: akhatony@ 123456gmail.com

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1450-1554
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3552-5539
                Article
                Publisher ID: NOP21653 Other ID: NOP-2022-Aug-1379.R1
                DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1653
                PMC ID: 10170942
                PubMed ID: 36813745
                SO-VID: 050516be-8b50-4c9b-9ecd-cc8d103d46df
                Copyright © © 2023 The Authors. Nursing Open published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Date revision received : 08 December 2022
                Date received : 15 September 2022
                Date accepted : 05 February 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, Pages: 8, Words: 4358
                Funding
                Funded by: Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , doi 10.13039/501100005317;
                Award ID: 3010907
                Categories
                Subject: Empirical Research Quantitative
                Subject: Empirical Research Quantitative
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date June 2023
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.2.8 mode:remove_FC converted:10.05.2023

                Keywords: covid‐19,prevalence,prevention,self‐medication,treatment
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid‐19, prevalence, prevention, self‐medication, treatment

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