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      Hamstring muscle fibre typology is not associated with hamstring strain injury history or performance in amateur male soccer players: a retrospective magnetic resonance spectroscopy study

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          Abstract

          Hamstring strain injuries (HSI) are still the most common injuries in soccer. Recent research has been focusing on the role of hamstring muscle morphology and architecture. The hamstring’s fibre type composition might play a role as well, but this has never been investigated in the light of HSI risk in an athletic population. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between hamstring muscle fibre type, hamstring strain injury history (HSIH), performance and isokinetic strength in a population of amateur male soccer players. In this cross-sectional observational study, 44 male soccer players (22 with and 22 without HSIH) participated. The research consisted of a non-invasive fibre composition evaluation using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1H-MRS), functional performance (evaluated by means of maximal jumping height, maximal sprinting speed and hamstring muscle strength endurance (single leg hamstring bridge testing)), and isokinetic strength testing. The results revealed that hamstring carnosine concentration demonstrated a high inter-individual variability within this soccer population and was not significantly associated with either HSIH or with any of the functional performance parameters. The only secondary outcome measure presenting a significant association with the intramuscular carnosine content was the hamstrings’ explosive strength production capacity, objectified by means of the time to peak torque (TPT), measured concentrically at an angular velocity of 240 degrees/second (°/s) during isokinetic strength testing. This TPT was significantly shorter in players presenting higher carnosine concentrations (p = 0.044). The findings indicate that in male amateur soccer players (1) the hamstrings have no distinct fibre type dominance and (2) fibre typology in this population does not relate to HSIH or performance.

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          Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury.

          J. Shield, David Opar, Joseph D. Williams (2012)
          Hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) are common in a number of sports and incidence rates have not declined in recent times. Additionally, the high rate of recurrent injuries suggests that our current understanding of HSI and re-injury risk is incomplete. Whilst the multifactoral nature of HSIs is agreed upon by many, often individual risk factors and/or causes of injury are examined in isolation. This review aims to bring together the causes, risk factors and interventions associated with HSIs to better understand why HSIs are so prevalent. Running is often identified as the primary activity type for HSIs and given the high eccentric forces and moderate muscle strain placed on the hamstrings during running these factors are considered to be part of the aetiology of HSIs. However, the exact causes of HSIs remain unknown and whilst eccentric contraction and muscle strain purportedly play a role, accumulated muscle damage and/or a single injurious event may also contribute. Potentially, all of these factors interact to varying degrees depending on the injurious activity type (i.e. running, kicking). Furthermore, anatomical factors, such as the biarticular organization, the dual innervations of biceps femoris (BF), fibre type distribution, muscle architecture and the degree of anterior pelvic tilt, have all been implicated. Each of these variables impact upon HSI risk via a number of different mechanisms that include increasing hamstring muscle strain and altering the susceptibility of the hamstrings to muscle damage. Reported risk factors for HSIs include age, previous injury, ethnicity, strength imbalances, flexibility and fatigue. Of these, little is known, definitively, about why previous injury increases the risk of future HSIs. Nevertheless, interventions put in place to reduce the incidence of HSIs by addressing modifiable risk factors have focused primarily on increasing eccentric strength, correcting strength imbalances and improving flexibility. The response to these intervention programmes has been mixed with varied levels of success reported. A conceptual framework is presented suggesting that neuromuscular inhibition following HSIs may impede the rehabilitation process and subsequently lead to maladaptation of hamstring muscle structure and function, including preferentially eccentric weakness, atrophy of the previously injured muscles and alterations in the angle of peak knee flexor torque. This remains an area for future research and practitioners need to remain aware of the multifactoral nature of HSIs if injury rates are to decline.
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            Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type: Influence on Contractile and Metabolic Properties

            Juleen Zierath, John A Hawley (2004)
            Zierath and Hawley discuss how different fiber types affect muscle metabolism and what the signals are that regulate muscle phenotype
            Article 0 comments Cited 144 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Risk factors for hamstring muscle strain injury in sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

              Grant Freckleton, Tania Pizzari (2013)
              Article 0 comments Cited 111 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biol Sport
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biol Sport
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JBS
                Title: Biology of Sport
                Publisher: Institute of Sport in Warsaw
                ISSN (Print): 0860-021X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2083-1862
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 May 2023
                Publication date (Print): October 2023
                Volume: 40
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 1177-1186
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
                [2 ]Department of Movement Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Joke Schuermans, Ghent University Hospital, Entrance 46, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Fax: 0032 9 332, Tel.: 0032 9 332 37 68. E-mail: joke.schuermans@ 123456ugent.be

                ORCID: Joke Schuermans 0000-0001-6631-4334, Erik Witvrouw 0000-0002-1919-877X, Evi Wezenbeek 0000-0001-9303-6915, Eline Lievens 0000-0003-2549-3369

                Article
                Publisher ID: 50547
                DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.126663
                PMC ID: 10588568
                PubMed ID: 37867757
                SO-VID: 05ddeb67-46ea-4e14-bfe1-c1e195e1e787
                Copyright © Copyright © Biology of Sport 2023
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 License, allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.

                History
                Date received : 27 October 2022
                Date revision received : 20 December 2022
                Date revision requested : 03 January 2023
                Date accepted : 20 January 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper

                Keywords: hamstring strain injury,soccer,muscle fiber type,carnosine,proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1h-mrs)
                Data availability:
                Keywords: hamstring strain injury, soccer, muscle fiber type, carnosine, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1h-mrs)

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